Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#33775: guix: use GCC 14.3.0 over 13.3.0

2a746500fa ci: migrate some jobs to Debian Trixie, use GCC 14 (fanquake)
fb0e6edfe8 guix: Apply SSA generation patch to maintain determinism (Mara van der Laan)
34909799fe guix: use GCC 14.3.0 over 13.3.0 (fanquake)
47be9122a7 guix: disable gprofng in GCC (fanquake)
ea29329eb7 guix: build GCC with --enable-host-bind-now (fanquake)
6f54e267d0 guix: disable libquadmath in GCC (fanquake)
7735901ed2 guix: disable building libgomp in GCC (fanquake)

Pull request description:

  Switching to using GCC 14.x for release builds has come up multiple times recently. It will eventually be needed for #25573, and could also be useful for #30210.

ACKs for top commit:
  hebasto:
    ACK 2a746500fa. I have reviewed the code and it looks OK. The new GCC patch looks reasonable.
  theuni:
    utACK 2a746500fa
  sedited:
    ACK 2a746500fa

Tree-SHA512: 56912bed19386f06d52fb94e0ef6d96f5415ab2de8b5e94890806d7cc0b937a3c4b11cc161aa2e06ca2fd3c392ef7501c91688e0897e1c1c51aafa963f3e50d9

contrib/guix/manifest.scm

@@ -94,7 +94,17 @@ chain for " target " development."))
       (home-page (package-home-page xgcc))
       (license (package-license xgcc)))))
 
-(define base-gcc gcc-13) ;; 13.3.0
+(define base-gcc
+  (package
+    (inherit gcc-14) ;; 14.2.0
+    (version "14.3.0")
+    (source (origin
+              (method url-fetch)
+              (uri (string-append "mirror://gnu/gcc/gcc-"
+                                  version "/gcc-" version ".tar.xz"))
+              (sha256
+               (base32
+                "0fna78ly417g69fdm4i5f3ms96g8xzzjza8gwp41lqr5fqlpgp70"))))))
 
 (define base-linux-kernel-headers linux-libre-headers-6.1)
 
@@ -114,7 +124,7 @@ desirable for building Bitcoin Core release binaries."
 
 (define (gcc-libgcc-patches gcc)
   (package-with-extra-patches gcc
-    (search-our-patches "gcc-remap-guix-store.patch")))
+    (search-our-patches "gcc-remap-guix-store.patch" "gcc-ssa-generation.patch")))
 
 (define (binutils-mingw-patches binutils)
   (package-with-extra-patches binutils
@@ -432,7 +442,9 @@ inspecting signatures in Mach-O binaries.")
             ;; https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html
             (list "--enable-threads=posix",
                   "--enable-default-ssp=yes",
+                  "--enable-host-bind-now=yes",
                   "--disable-gcov",
+                  "--disable-libgomp",
                   building-on)))))))
 
 (define-public linux-base-gcc
@@ -446,9 +458,13 @@ inspecting signatures in Mach-O binaries.")
             (list "--enable-initfini-array=yes",
                   "--enable-default-ssp=yes",
                   "--enable-default-pie=yes",
+                  "--enable-host-bind-now=yes",
                   "--enable-standard-branch-protection=yes",
                   "--enable-cet=yes",
+                  "--enable-gprofng=no",
                   "--disable-gcov",
+                  "--disable-libgomp",
+                  "--disable-libquadmath",
                   "--disable-libsanitizer",
                   building-on)))
         ((#:phases phases)
@@ -555,7 +571,7 @@ inspecting signatures in Mach-O binaries.")
         gzip
         xz
         ;; Build tools
-        gcc-toolchain-13
+        gcc-toolchain-14
         cmake-minimal
         gnu-make
         ninja
@@ -575,7 +591,7 @@ inspecting signatures in Mach-O binaries.")
           ((string-contains target "-linux-")
            (list bison
                  pkg-config
-                 (list gcc-toolchain-13 "static")
+                 (list gcc-toolchain-14 "static")
                  (make-bitcoin-cross-toolchain target)))
           ((string-contains target "darwin")
            (list clang-toolchain-19