build: Bump clang minimum supported version to 17

doc/dependencies.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Bitcoin Core requires one of the following compilers.
 
 | Dependency | Minimum required |
 | --- | --- |
-| [Clang](https://clang.llvm.org) | [16.0](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/30263) |
+| [Clang](https://clang.llvm.org) | [17.0](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/33555) |
 | [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org) | [11.1](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/29091) |
 
 ## Required

doc/release-notes-33555.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Build System
+------------
+
+- The minimum supported Clang compiler version has been raised to 17.0
+  (#33555).