git mv *.hint -> README.md
There is one exception:
$ find . -name '*.hint' -execdir git mv '{}' README.md \;
git statufatal: destination exists, source=1992/albert/albert.hint, destination=1992/albert/README.md
Looking at the two files they differ quite a bit so I've not changed it.
I'll bring this up on GitHub.
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Best Entropy-reducer:
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James A. Woods
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Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science
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MS 230-5
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NASA Ames Research Center
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Moffett Field, CA 94131
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USA
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Karl F. Fox
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Morning Star Technologies, Inc.
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1760 Zollinger Road
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Columbus, OH 43221
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USA
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Paul Eggert
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Twin Sun Inc.
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360 N. Sepulveda Blvd. #2055
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El Segundo, CA 90245
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USA
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Judges' comments:
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The program, in its base form, implements two useful utilities:
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atob - ascii to binary conversion
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zcat - decompression filter
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To test the official C entry, one might try:
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echo "Quartz glyph jocks vend, fix, BMW." | compress | btoa | jaw
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which should apply the identity transformation to a minimal
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holoalphabetic sentence.
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Included with this entry is a shell script (with comments edited down
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to reduce it to 1530 bytes) which implements the complete
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shark utility. The script, shark.sh, contains a 'jaw.c' embedded
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within it!
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The sender must have 'compress' and 'btoa'. To send, try:
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sh shark.sh jaw.* > receive
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The resulting file, 'receive', unpacks the input files
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even if the receiver lacks 'uncompress' and 'atob':
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mkdir test
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cd test
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sh ../receive
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cmp ../jaw.c jaw.c
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cmp ../jaw.hint jaw.hint
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Selected notes from the authors:
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ABSTRACT
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Minimal, Universal File Bundling
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(or, Functional Obfuscation in a Self-Decoding Unix Shell Archive)
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James A. Woods
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Universities Space Research Association
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NASA Ames Research Center
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"Use an algorithm, go to jail."
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[anon., circa 1988, pre-Morris worm era]
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Myriad formats have been proposed for network-mailable
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data. A major difficulty undermining the popularity of most
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file/message bundlers is that the sender assumes prior
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installation of the computational dual of such bundling
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software by the receiver. Command shell archives alleviate
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this problem somewhat, but still require standardization for
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the function of data compression and mail-transparency
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encoding. On Unix, these coding format quandaries are over-
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come by planting a novel Trojan Horse in the archive header
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to perform negotiationless decoding.
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Specifically, we outline the development of an extraor-
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dinarily compact portable (un)bundler to (dis)assemble
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data-compressed, binary-to-ASCII-converted, length-split,
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and checksummed directory structures using standard Unix
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tools. Miniature versions of counterparts to a Lempel-Ziv
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coder ('compress' or 'squeeze') and an efficient bit packet-
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izer ('btoa') are compiled on-the-fly at mail destination
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sites where they may not already exist. These are written
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in purposefully obfuscated-C to accompany similarly-shrunk
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shell command glue. This resulting shell archiver is dubbed
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'shark'.
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'Shark' procedure overhead consumes as few as three
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dozen shell lines (or ~1100 bytes), commensurate with the
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size of many Internet mail headers; it amortizes favorably
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with message size. 'Shark' is portable across Unix vari-
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ants, while the underlying technique is inherently general-
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izable to other encoding schemes.
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In the function-theoretic sense of minimal
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Chaitin/Kolmogorov complexity, and within a modified Shannon
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model of communication, the 'shark' effort aims to construct
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a "shortest program" for source decoding in the Turing-
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universal Unix environment.
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----------------------------------------------
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Oh, the shark has pretty teeth, dear--
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And he shows them pearly white
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Just a jackknife has Macheath, dear--
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And he keeps it out of sight.
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[Bertolt Brecht, Threepenny Opera]
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----------------------------------------------
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We have ported this program to a wide variety of systems. Among
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these are:
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SunOS 4.1 / Sun Sparcstation 1 (using both 'cc' and 'gcc 1.37.1')
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SunOS 4.0.3 / Sun 3
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BSD 4.3 / VAX 8650
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SEIUX / Sumitomo Electric Ustation/S
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Sony NEWS-OS 3.3 / Sony NEWS (fairly vanilla 4.3BSD)
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System V.? / Hitachi 2050
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System V.? / NEC EWS 4800
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UNIOS-B / Omron Luna
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Dynix / Sequent Balance ('cc' for Natl. Semi. base + 'gcc 1.36')
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Unicos / Cray 2
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We (the authors) feel this program is obfuscated for the
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following reasons:
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(0) This is one of the few programs you'll see WHOSE VERY UTILITY
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DEPENDS ON ITS OBFUSCATION!
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(1) The contest entry may be used to send its wonderful self to
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anyone in the Unix world! Virus writers need not apply...
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(2) The basic idea is twisted enough to be patentable, but is,
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out of the kindness of our hearts (as well as to maintain
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eligibility for the large IOCCC prize fund), dedicated to
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the public domain. Claude Shannon, meet Alan Turing.
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(3) Meta-obfuscation is via obfuscated description (see ABSTRACT).
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(4) "Literary" allusion. Production code contains a reference to
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self-reference, preserved at amazing cost for sheer perversity.
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(5) Many, many micro obfuscations below, honed over three years
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time, in shell as well as C. Ask about the 'tar' pit escape,
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the argv[0] flip, Paul's &4294967295 portability hack, the
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"void where prohibited by flaw" fix, the scanf() spacesaver,
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shift shenanigans, signal madness, exit()ing stage left, and
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source-to-source transformations galore.
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For extra credit:
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Construct 'sharkmail', to auto-split sharkives into mailable
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segments and mail them. Here's a simple one, which could be
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extended to enable auto-reassembly with one shell cmd at the
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far end.
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------------------------ cut here for sharkmail -----------------------
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#!/bin/sh
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m=$1; shift
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shark $* | split -800 - /tmp/shark$$
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n=`ls /tmp/shark$$* | wc -l | sed 's/ *//'`
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p=0
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for f in `ls /tmp/shark$$*`
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do
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p=`expr $p + 1`
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mail -s "bundle ($p of $n) from '`whoami`'" $m < $f
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done
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rm /tmp/shark$$*
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------------------------ end of sharkmail -----------------------------
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Shark history:
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May 1987: Karl Fox introduces 1023-byte zcat.c to USENET.
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It's too late for the 4th IOCCC.
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May 21, 1987: James A. Woods extends idea to construct self
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decompressing shar Trojan horse, utilizing 'cc', 'shar',
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'zcat', & 'atob'; size: 2303 bytes.
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May 23, 1987: 'jaw' trims 250 bytes without much thought.
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June 2, 1987: 52 lines of shell, 1991 bytes, now made with 'tar',
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short-circuit C-compile at far end, dual-use main.c,
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portability mods. (jaw)
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Mar-May 1988: abortive run at 5th IOCCC.
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jaw.c - 1529 bytes. compile line: 152 bytes.
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generated funny code with execvp() to invoke shell.
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Aug 29, 1988: production version, now at 1830 bytes.
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Jan 1990: Paul Eggert does tour-de-force shark re-engineering.
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May 24, 1990: collaboration yields 999-byte jaw.c core (see above)
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and 1530-byte production shell code (w/comments).
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Eggert comes through with lion's share of improvements.
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7th IOCCC code now faster than the atob/zcat it replaces.
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May 1990: 'jaw' develops experimental replacement using
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Dan Bernstein's high-compression 'squeeze'.
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To which we add:
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June 1990: 'shark' wins the IOCCC, finally! :-)
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Copyright (c) 1990, Landon Curt Noll & Larry Bassel.
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All Rights Reserved. Permission for personal, educational or non-profit use is
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granted provided this this copyright and notice are included in its entirety
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and remains unaltered. All other uses must receive prior permission in writing
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from both Landon Curt Noll and Larry Bassel.
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