git mv *.hint -> README.md
There is one exception:
$ find . -name '*.hint' -execdir git mv '{}' README.md \;
git statufatal: destination exists, source=1992/albert/albert.hint, destination=1992/albert/README.md
Looking at the two files they differ quite a bit so I've not changed it.
I'll bring this up on GitHub.
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Best Language Tool:
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Sean Barrett
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Software Construction Company
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430 Southwest Parkway, #1906
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College Station, TX 77840
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USA
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Judges' comments:
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First:
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make first
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Second:
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echo help | cat third help.th - | first
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cat third demo5.th | first
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Third:
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cat third help.th - | first
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Wait until Ok is printed and the type:
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2 3 + . cr <-- yes you should really type the 2 letters: cr
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Forth:
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Sorry, this is third!
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Selected notes from the author:
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What it does:
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first implements a relatively primitive stack machine. How
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primitive? It supplies 13 visible primitives: 3 arithmetic,
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1 comparison, 2 memory-access, 2 character I/O, 3 primitives
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for defining new words, 1 tokenizing, and 1 special stack
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operation. (There are also three internal operations for
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the stack machine: 'push this integer', 'call this code',
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and 'compile a call to this code'.)
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It is very difficult to accomplish anything with this set
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of primitives, but they do have an interesting property.
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This--what this interesting property is, or in other words
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what first is good for--is the major obfuscation; there are
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also minor source obfuscations, as well as some design tricks
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that are effectively obfuscations. Details on the obfuscations
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are below, and the interesting property is discussed much
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further down.
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How to run it:
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first expects you to first enter the names of the 13 primitives,
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separated by whitespace--it doesn't care what you name them, but
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if all the names aren't unique, you won't be able to use some of
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them. After this you may type any sequence of valid first input.
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Valid first input is defined as any sequence of whitespace-delimited
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tokens which consist of primitives, new words you've defined, and
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integers (as parsed by "%d"). Invalid input behaves unpredictably,
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but gives no warning messages. A sample program, demo1.1st, is
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included, but it only works on ASCII systems.
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Do not expect to be able to do anything interesting with first.
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To do something interesting, you need to feed first the file
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third first. In unix, you can do
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% cat third help.th - | first
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to do this. Hopefully most operating systems will provide a
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way to do this. It may take some time for this to complete
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(I seem to remember it taking several minutes on an 8086 PC);
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THIRD will prompt you when it is finished. The file third has
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not been obfuscated, due to sheer kindness on the author's part.
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For more information on what you can do once you've piped
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THIRD into first, type 'help' and consult FORTH manuals for
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further reference. Six sample THIRD programs are included
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in the files demo[1-6].th. buzzard.2.README has more
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information.
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Keep in mind that you are still running first, and
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are for the most part limited by first's tokenizer
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(notably, unknown words will attempt to be parsed as
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integers.) It is possible to build a new parser that
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parses by hand, reading a single character at a time;
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however, such a parser cannot easily use the existing
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dictionary, and so would have to implement its own,
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thus requiring reimplementing all of first and third
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a second time--I did not care to tackle this project.
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Compiling:
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first is reasonably portable. You may need to adjust the
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size of the buffers on smaller machines; m[] needs to be
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at least 2000 long, though.
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I say first is portable mainly because it uses native types.
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Unlike FORTH, which traditionally allows byte and multi-byte
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operations, all operations are performed on C 'int's. That
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means first code is only as portable as the same code would
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be in C. As in C, the result of dividing -1 by 2 is machine
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(or rather compiler) dependent.
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How is first obfuscated?
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first is obfuscated in several ways. Some minor obfuscations
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like &w[&m[1]][s] for s+m[w+1] were in the original source
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but are no longer because, apparently, ANSI doesn't allow it
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(gcc -ansi -pedantic doesn't mind it, though.)
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Other related obfuscations are still present. The top of the
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stack is cached in a variable, which increases performance
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massively if the compiler can figure out to keep it in a register;
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it also obfuscates the code. (Unfortunately, the top of stack
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is a global variable and neither gcc nor most bundled compilers
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seem to register allocate it.)
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More significant are the design obfuscations. m[0] is the
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"dictionary pointer", used when compiling words, and m[1] is
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the return stack index. Both are used as integer offsets into
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m. Both are kept in m, instead of as separate pointers,
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because they are then accessible to first programs, which is a
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crucial property of first. Similarly the way words are stored
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in the dictionary is not obvious, so it can be difficult to
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follow exactly what the compiler words are doing.
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Assuming you've waded through all that, you still have
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to penetrate the most significant obfuscation. Traditionally,
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the question is whether a reader can answer the question "what
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will this do when I run it". A reader who has deciphered first
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to this point may think they know the answer to this question,
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but they may not know the answer to the more important question,
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"what will this program do when given the right input?" FORTH
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afficianados, and especially FORTH implementors, may recognize
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the similarity of the internal compiler format to many FORTH
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interal representations, and, being aware that FORTH interpreters
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can often by self-compiling, may be suspicious that this program
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can compile FORTH, or a significant subset of it, or at least be
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capable of doing so if fed the right input. Of course, the name
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"THIRD" should be a dead giveaway, if the name "first" wasn't.
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(These numbers were largely chosed because they were five letters
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long, like "FORTH", and would not require truncation to five
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letters, which would be a dead giveaway. Besides, THIRD represents
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a step backwards, in more ways than one.)
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What exactly is first, then?
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first is a tiny interpreter which implements a sufficient
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pseudo-subset of FORTH to allow it to bootstrap a relatively
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complete version of FORTH (based loosely on forth79), which
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I call THIRD. Complete relative to what, I'm not sure.
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I believe first is close to the smallest amount of code possible
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to get this effect *using forth-style primitives*, and still have
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some efficiency (it is possible to get by without multiplication
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if you have addition, obviously). In the design file, design,
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I give a justification for why each primitive in first was included.
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THIRD is sorta slow, because first has so few primitives that
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many things that are primitives in FORTH (like swap) take a
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significant amount of time in THIRD.
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When you get the 'Ok.' message from third, try out some sample
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FORTH code (first has no way of knowing if keyboard input is
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waiting, so it can't actually prompt you in a normal way. It
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only prints 'Ok.' after you define a word).
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2 3 + . cr ( add 2 and 3, and print it and a newline.)
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and THIRD responds
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5
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Now try:
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: test 11 1 do i . loop cr ;
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test
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and THIRD responds
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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When in THIRD, you can see how much space you're currently
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using by typing
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here .
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The number THIRD replies is the number of machine words (ints)
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that the dictionary (the first code) takes up, plus the
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512 ints for the return stack. If you compile the basic
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THIRD system without the help word (strings take up one
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int per character in the string!), you should find that
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you're using around 1000 ints (plus the return stack).
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Thus THIRD gives you a relatively complete FORTH system in
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less than 700 chars of C source + about 1000 ints of
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memory--and it's portable too (you could copy over the
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THIRD memory dump to another machine, in theory). If the
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above numbers seem to you to be mixing apples and oranges
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(C source and compiled THIRD code), note that you should
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in theory be able to stick the compiled THIRD code into
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the C source.
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Software Construction Company gets credit for rekindling
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my interest in FORTH and thus indirectly inspiring me
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to write this program.
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Copyright (c) 1992, Landon Curt Noll & Larry Bassel.
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All Rights Reserved. Permission for personal, educational or non-profit use is
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granted provided this this copyright and notice are included in its entirety
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and remains unaltered. All other uses must receive prior permission in writing
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from both Landon Curt Noll and Larry Bassel.
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