fix internal links in entry index.html from 1984 thru 2012
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NAME
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am Anthony's Make
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SYNOPSIS
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am <makefile> [target]
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DESCRIPTION
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AM is a programmer's tool to maintain, update, and regenerate groups
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of files and/or programs. It is similar to MAKE as described by the
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POSIX.2 draft standard 11.2, and this document parallels the draft
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in order to point out the subtle differences between AM and MAKE.
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The AM utility can be used as part of software development to update
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files that are derived from other files. A typical case is one where
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object files are derived from the corresponding source files. The AM
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utility examines time relationships and updates those derived files
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(targets) that have modified times earlier than the modified times of
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the files (prerequisites) from which they are derived. A description
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file ("makefile") contains a description of the relationships between
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files, and the commands that must be executed to update the targets to
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reflect changes in their prerequisites. Each specification, or rule,
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shall consist of a target, optional prerequisites, and optional
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commands to be executed when a prerequisite is newer than the target.
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OPTIONS
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None.
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OPERANDS
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makefile This required argument is a pathname of a description
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file, which is also referred to as the "makfile". A
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pathname of "-", shall *NOT* denote the standard input.
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target This optional argument, is the first target to be
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processed. If no target is specified, when AM is
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processing the makefile, the first target that AM
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encounters shall be used.
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
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STANDARD INPUT
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Not used.
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INPUT FILES
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The input file, otherwise known as the makefile, is a text file
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containing rules, macro definitions, and comments.
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ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
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All traps are left to their default actions. If AM receives a SIGHUP,
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SIGTERM, SIGINT, or SIGQUIT then AM will terminate as per request
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*WITHOUT* removing the current target.
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EXTERNAL EFFECTS
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STANDARD OUTPUT
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The AM utility shall write all commands to be executed to standard
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output unless the command is prefixed with an at-sign (@). If AM is
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invoked without any work needing to be done, it shall *NOT* write a
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message to standard output indicating that no action was taken.
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STANDARD ERROR
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Standard error is used for diagnostic messages only.
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OUTPUT FILES
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None. However, the utilities invoked by AM may create additional files.
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EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
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The AM utility attempts to perform the actions required to ensure
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that the specified target(s) are up-to-date. A target is considered
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out-of-date if it is older than any of its prerequisites or it does
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not exist. The AM utility shall treat all prerequisites as targets
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themselves and recursively ensure that they are up-to-date, processing
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them in the order which they appear in the rule. The AM utility shall
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use the modification times of files to determine if the corresponding
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targets are out-of-date.
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After AM has ensured that all of the prerequisites of a target are
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up-to-date, and if the target is out-of-date, the commands associated
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with the target entry shall be executed. If there are no commands
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listed for the target, the target shall be treated as up-to-date.
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MAKEFILE SYNTAX
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A makefile can contain rules, macro definitions, and comments. If a
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macro is defined more than once, the value of the macro shall be the
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last one specified. Comments start with a number-sign (#) and
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continue until an unescaped <newline> is reached.
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A backslash before a <newline> serves as a line continuation mark, and
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is used to create long-lines. A line will continue to be extended until
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an unescaped <newline> is reached.
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When an escaped <newline> (one preceded by a backslash) is found anywhere
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in the makefile, it shall be replaced, along with any leading white
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space on the following line, with a single <space>.
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MAKEFILE EXECUTION
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Command lines shall be processed one at a time by writing the command
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line to standard output, unless prefixed with an at-sign (@), and
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executing the command(s) in the line. Commands shall be executed by
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passing the command line to the command interpreter via the system(3)
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function.
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The environment for the command being executed shall contain all of the
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variables in the environment of AM. All macros are considered to be part
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of the environment too.
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By default, when AM receives a non-zero status from the execution of a
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command, it terminates with an error message to standard error. If
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the command is prefixed by a hyphen (-) then any error found while
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executing the command shall be ignored.
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Command lines can have one or more of the following prefixes: a hyphen
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(-) to ignore errors, an at-sign (@) to be silent, or a plus-sign (+)
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if the command is always executed (this prefix is for compatibility with
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MAKE and is ignored).
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TARGET RULES
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Target rules are formatted as follows:
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target [target ...] : [prerequisite ...]
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[<tab>command
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<tab>command
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...]
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(line that does not begin with <tab>)
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Target entries are specified by a <blank>-separated, non-null list of
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targets, then a colon, then a <blank>-separated, possibly empty list
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of prerequisite. All following lines, if any, that begin with a <tab>,
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are command lines to be executed to update the target(s). The first
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line that does not begin with a <tab> shall begin a new entry.
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Target names can be any character supported by the host system,
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excluding <blank>s, <tab>s, <newline>s, and colons (:), which are used
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for delimiters.
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For any given target there can be only one target rule. The first
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occurrence of a target in a makefile shall be used. All subsequent
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rules for the same target are ignored. There is *no* support for
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adding prerequisites to a target's prerequisite list once a target
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rule is defined.
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There are no special targets and no inference rule support.
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MACROS
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Macro definitions are in the form:
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string1 = [string2]
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The macro named string1 is defined as having the value of string2,
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where string2 is defined as all characters, if any, after the equal
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sign up to an unescaped <newline>. Any <blank>s immediately before or
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after the equal sign shall be ignored.
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Subsequent appearances of $(string1) shall be replaced by string2.
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The parentheses are *NOT* optional if string1 is a single character.
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The macro $$ shall be replaced by the single character $.
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Macro names can be any character that the host system would allow in
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the definition of environment variables, excluding parentheses, ( and ),
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which are used for delimiters.
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Macros can appear anywhere in the makefile, except within other macro
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references (i.e. no nesting). Macros in target and command lines shall
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be evaluated when the line is read. Macros in macro definition lines
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shall be evaluated *IMMEDIATELY*. A macro that has not been defined
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shall evaluate to a null string without causing any error condition.
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If a macro is defined more than once, the value of the macro shall be the
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last one specified prior to it being referenced.
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Macro assignments shall be accepted from the sources listed below, in
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the order shown. If a macro name already exists at the time it is being
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processed, the newer definition shall replace the existing definition.
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1) The contents of the environment, including the variables with
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null values in the order defined in the environment.
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2) Macros defined in the makefile, processed in the order specified.
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There are no internal macros supported. The SHELL macro shall *NOT* be
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treated specially.
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EXIT STATUS
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0 Successful completion.
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1 General error.
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2 Usage error.
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3 Failed to open makefile.
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4 Failed to allocate memory.
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INSTALLATION
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AM can be built on any system providing at least K&R C. It has been
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tested on
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o SunOS with GCC
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o ATARI Mega ST with Sozobon C
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o PC clone with Turbo C
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o Interactive UNIX System V/386 release 3.2
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For all machines, the compile command line should be
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cc -O -o ant ant.c
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The value RULES represents the number of slots available to record
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target rules, dependencies, and commands. The default value chosen
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should handle most project makefiles. RULES can be overridden on the
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command line with -DRULES=nn, where 0 < nn < INT_MAX.
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On a DOS machine using Turbo C, it may be necessary to add the include
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directive
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#include <time.h>
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with the rest of the includes if sys/stat.h does not properly define or
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use time_t. Also, on some older K&R C compilers, stdlib.h may not be
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defined and so it might be necessary to remove the include directive for
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it.
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REFERENCES
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[Mil87] Webb Miller, "A Software Tools Sampler", Prentice Hall, 87
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ISBN 0-13-822305-X, chaper 2
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[POSIX] POSIX.2 draft 11.2 MAKE
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FILES
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ant.c Obfuscated source
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ant.README Manual for AM
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ant.test.mk Test makefile
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BUGS
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Unknown as of 20 March 92.
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