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improved indentation and whitespace for markdown code blocks

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All code blocks in markdown have been intended by at least 4 spaces.

We add `--tab-stop=8` to all `pandoc(1)` executions in order to set
a better tab stop indentation, especially for tab intended code blocks.

Changed `bin/pandoc-wrapper.sh` VERSION from "1.5.3 2024-03-26"
to "1.6 2024-03-31".

Fixed `1991/brnstnd/sorta.README.md` so that the sorta code
is code blocks.

Removed unneeded paragraph group in copyright in `inc/footer.default.html`.

Fixed excess whitespace after list Author on entry `index.html` page.

Changed `bin/output-index-author.sh` VERSION from "1.5.2 2024-03-26"
to "1.6 2024-03-31".

Performed `make www` to perform the above and test under macOS.

TODO: Fix the problem of the initial line of code being extra intended.
TODO: Fix excess whitespace around code that is inline.
This commit is contained in:
Landon Curt Noll committed 2024-04-01 04:48:48 -07:00
1 parent b84c27ce02
commit a996f8d2b8
734 files changed
+16723 -16963
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2018/mills/README.md
+133 -133
View File
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
## To build:
```sh
make
make
```
If you wish to save state so that you can run the program and keep files changed
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ If you wish to save state so that you can run the program and keep files changed
like:
```sh
make clobber SAVE=1 all
make clobber SAVE=1 all
```
Make sure that if you do add a file (including by compiling code) that before
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ will be corrupt if it does.
The current status of this entry is:
```
STATUS: known bug - please help us fix
STATUS: INABIAF - please **DO NOT** fix
STATUS: known bug - please help us fix
STATUS: INABIAF - please **DO NOT** fix
```
For more detailed information see [2018 mills bugs](../../bugs.html#2018_mills).
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ For more detailed information see [2018 mills bugs](../../bugs.html#2018_mills).
## To use:
```sh
./prog
./prog
```
## Try:
```sh
./prog
./prog
```
At the `>boot` prompt, type return.
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ At the `:` prompt, type `rk(0,0)rkunix` and wait for it to initialise itself.
Now try typing:
```sh
cat > prog.c
main(){ printf("Hello, world!\n"); }
^D
cc prog.c
a.out
cat > prog.c
main(){ printf("Hello, world!\n"); }
^D
cc prog.c
a.out
```
where `^D` is EOF.
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ where `^D` is EOF.
Next try:
```sh
cc mullender.c
a.out
cc mullender.c
a.out
```
... and enjoy the classic [1984/mullender](../../1984/mullender/index.html) entry as
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ This program can take you back to the start of everything, it is possible to
run v0. Just type:
```sh
./v0
./v0
```
NOTE: To quit v0, press Control-E.
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ password are "dmr" and "dmr". To make things more familiar you'll need to
create '.' as it hasn't been invented yet on this image!
```sh
@ ln dd dmr .
@ ln dd dmr .
```
An `ls` will reveal that C hasn't been invented yet! IOBCC anyone? The
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ But wait, we said this was the start of it all! This program can also run a
program that replaces an even larger machine that can run BSD 2.9. To start this,
```sh
./prog
./prog
```
At the `>boot` prompt, type return.
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ shown earlier.
But wait, there is even more! Try:
```sh
./v6
./v6
```
At the `@` prompt, type `rkunix`. You might want to type `stty -lcase` as
@@ -160,15 +160,15 @@ To run BSD 2.9, do `make` to build `prog` and then `./prog` to run it.
You should see a prompt from the first-stage bootloader that looks like
```
>boot
>boot
```
Hit enter/return at this point and you will get to the second-stage boot loader
that looks like
```
40Boot
:
40Boot
:
```
The 40 in the prompt indicates that the bootloader has correctly determined
@@ -179,32 +179,32 @@ the system to look at the first partition on the first `RK05` fixed disk, find
the `rkunix` file and load it. You should eventually see the following:
```
>boot
>boot
40Boot
: rk(0,0)rkunix
40Boot
: rk(0,0)rkunix
Berkeley UNIX (Rev. 2.9.1) Sun Nov 20 14:55:50 PST 1983
mem = 135872
Berkeley UNIX (Rev. 2.9.1) Sun Nov 20 14:55:50 PST 1983
mem = 135872
CONFIGURE SYSTEM:
xp ? csr 176700 vector 254 skipped: No CSR
rk 0 csr 177400 vector 220 attached
hk ? csr 177440 vector 210 skipped: No CSR
rl ? csr 174400 vector 160 skipped: No CSR
rp ? csr 176700 vector 254 skipped: No CSR
ht 0 csr 172440 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
tm 0 csr 172520 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
ts 0 csr 172520 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
dh ? csr 160020 vector 370 skipped: No CSR
dm ? csr 170500 vector 360 skipped: No autoconfig routines
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dn 0 csr 175200 vector 300 skipped: No autoconfig routines
vp ? csr 177500 vector 174 skipped: No autoconfig routines
lp ? csr 177514 vector 200 skipped: No CSR
Erase=^?, kill=^U, intr=^C
#
CONFIGURE SYSTEM:
xp ? csr 176700 vector 254 skipped: No CSR
rk 0 csr 177400 vector 220 attached
hk ? csr 177440 vector 210 skipped: No CSR
rl ? csr 174400 vector 160 skipped: No CSR
rp ? csr 176700 vector 254 skipped: No CSR
ht 0 csr 172440 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
tm 0 csr 172520 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
ts 0 csr 172520 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
dh ? csr 160020 vector 370 skipped: No CSR
dm ? csr 170500 vector 360 skipped: No autoconfig routines
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dn 0 csr 175200 vector 300 skipped: No autoconfig routines
vp ? csr 177500 vector 174 skipped: No autoconfig routines
lp ? csr 177514 vector 200 skipped: No CSR
Erase=^?, kill=^U, intr=^C
#
```
Congratulations, you are running BSD UNIX 2.9 in single-user mode as root.
@@ -221,15 +221,15 @@ Let's try some:
```sh
# ls
.cshrc .profile boot hkunix mnt tmp
.login 2.9stamp dev lib mullender.c unix
.msgsrc bin etc lost+found rkunix usr
# df
Filesystem Mounted on kbytes used free % used
/dev/rk0 / 1958 1688 270 86%
# bin/cc mullender.c
# ./a.out
# ls
.cshrc .profile boot hkunix mnt tmp
.login 2.9stamp dev lib mullender.c unix
.msgsrc bin etc lost+found rkunix usr
# df
Filesystem Mounted on kbytes used free % used
/dev/rk0 / 1958 1688 270 86%
# bin/cc mullender.c
# ./a.out
```
The program you've just run was the [winning entry of the first IOCCC contest from
@@ -262,21 +262,21 @@ disk image. Type `make v6` to build it, then type `./prog` to run it.
You should see the boot loader prompt which is a single `@`:
```
@
@
```
At this point, you again must type a special incantation: `rkunix`. After that
you should see:
```
@rkunix
mem = 1035
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
@rkunix
mem = 1035
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
#
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
#
```
You are now running a single-user session of v6 UNIX. You might want to start
@@ -288,35 +288,35 @@ may need to use Control-E to quit the emulation.
Assuming you're more careful than that, we can try a few commands:
```
@rkunix
mem = 1035
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
@rkunix
mem = 1035
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
# STTY -LCASE
# ls
bin
dev
etc
hpunix
lib
mnt
rkunix
rpunix
tmp
unix
usr
# cat > foo.c
main()
{
printf("Hello, World!\n");
}
^D
# cc foo.c
# ./a.out
Hello, World!
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
# STTY -LCASE
# ls
bin
dev
etc
hpunix
lib
mnt
rkunix
rpunix
tmp
unix
usr
# cat > foo.c
main()
{
printf("Hello, World!\n");
}
^D
# cc foo.c
# ./a.out
Hello, World!
```
Why is Version 6 interesting? Well, it was the oldest version that I could
@@ -371,17 +371,17 @@ native PDP-7 emulation, it gets its own binary. Type `./v0` to run it. You
should see the login prompt.
```
login:
login:
```
There are two user accounts `ken` and `dmr`, with the passwords `ken` and `dmr`
respectively. Let's try the Dennis Richie's `dmr` account:
```
login: dmr
password: dmr
@ ls
. ?
login: dmr
password: dmr
@ ls
. ?
```
Even though this is not Ken's doing, I feel this gives me licence to
@@ -408,56 +408,56 @@ of the user home directories (this will eventually become `/`, the root
path). We can do
```
@ ln dd dmr .
```
@ ln dd dmr .
```
To make the new link (note that `ln` doesn't support paths either, so you have
To make the new link (note that `ln` doesn't support paths either, so you have
to give it three arguments -- a directory in the current dir, a file in that
directory, and the new name).
Now `ls` will work, and we can try some other things while we are here:
```
login: dmr
password: dmr
@ ln dd dmr .
@ ls
dd
system
as.s
b_readme
bi.s
bl.s
db.s
hello.b
ops.s
.
@ cat b_readme
Here is how to compile and run hello.b:
login: dmr
password: dmr
@ ln dd dmr .
@ ls
dd
system
as.s
b_readme
bi.s
bl.s
db.s
hello.b
ops.s
.
@ cat b_readme
Here is how to compile and run hello.b:
@ bc hello.b hello.s
@ as ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s
I
II
ops.s
bl.s
hello.s
bi.s
@ a.out
Hello, World!
@ bc hello.b hello.s
@ as ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s
I
II
ops.s
bl.s
hello.s
bi.s
@ a.out
Hello, World!
@ bc hello.b hello.s
@ as ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s
I
II
ops.s
bl.s
hello.s
bi.s
@ a.out
Hello, World!
@
@ bc hello.b hello.s
@ as ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s
I
II
ops.s
bl.s
hello.s
bi.s
@ a.out
Hello, World!
@
```
The last command is invoking the compiler for an extremely early version of
2018/mills/index.html
+132 -133
View File
@@ -132,8 +132,7 @@
<h2 id="author"><a name="author"></a>Author:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Christopher_Mills">Christopher Mills</a><br>
Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)
<br><br></li>
Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
</ul>
<!-- END: next line ends content generated by: bin/output-index-author.sh -->
@@ -142,35 +141,35 @@ Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America
<!-- START: this line starts content for HTML phase 21 by: bin/pandoc-wrapper.sh via bin/md2html.sh -->
<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">make</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">make</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>If you wish to save state so that you can run the program and keep files changed
(for instance you don’t want to compile <code>mullender.c</code> again) you can compile it
like:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">make</span> clobber SAVE=1 all</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">make</span> clobber SAVE=1 all</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Make sure that if you do add a file (including by compiling code) that before
you exit (ctrl-e) you type in <code>sync</code>! Otherwise the file might not exist or it
will be corrupt if it does.</p>
<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
<pre><code>STATUS: known bug - please help us fix
STATUS: INABIAF - please **DO NOT** fix</code></pre>
<pre><code> STATUS: known bug - please help us fix
STATUS: INABIAF - please **DO NOT** fix</code></pre>
<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#2018_mills">2018 mills bugs</a>.</p>
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./prog</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">./prog</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./prog</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">./prog</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>At the <code>&gt;boot</code> prompt, type return.</p>
<p>At the <code>:</code> prompt, type <code>rk(0,0)rkunix</code> and wait for it to initialise itself.
Now try typing:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">cat</span> <span class="op">&gt;</span> prog.c</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">main()</span><span class="kw">{</span> <span class="bu">printf</span><span class="er">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Hello, world!\n&quot;</span><span class="kw">);</span> <span class="kw">}</span></span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">^D</span></span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">cc</span> prog.c</span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">a.out</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">cat</span> <span class="op">&gt;</span> prog.c</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">main()</span><span class="kw">{</span> <span class="bu">printf</span><span class="er">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Hello, world!\n&quot;</span><span class="kw">);</span> <span class="kw">}</span></span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">^D</span></span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">cc</span> prog.c</span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">a.out</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>where <code>^D</code> is EOF.</p>
<p>Next try:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">cc</span> mullender.c</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">a.out</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">cc</span> mullender.c</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">a.out</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>… and enjoy the classic <a href="../../1984/mullender/index.html">1984/mullender</a> entry as
it would have been in 1984 with a VAX-11/PDP-11! Once it reaches the end of the
line, hit enter and see what happens again. When you’re tired of it hit ctrl-c.</p>
@@ -181,18 +180,18 @@ line, hit enter and see what happens again. When you’re tired of it hit ctrl-c
3636 bytes, which is considerably lighter than the original machine it can replace.</p>
<p>This program can take you back to the start of everything, it is possible to
run v0. Just type:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./v0</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">./v0</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>NOTE: To quit v0, press Control-E.</p>
<p>You will be greeted with a familiar prompt of “login”. The username and
password are “dmr” and “dmr”. To make things more familiar you’ll need to
create ‘.’ as it hasn’t been invented yet on this image!</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">@</span> ln dd dmr .</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">@</span> ln dd dmr .</span></code></pre></div>
<p>An <code>ls</code> will reveal that C hasn’t been invented yet! IOBCC anyone? The
compiler is <code>bc</code>. It produces assembly, which will then need to be assembled
together like <code>ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s</code> (in that order) to produce a.out!</p>
<p>But wait, we said this was the start of it all! This program can also run a
program that replaces an even larger machine that can run BSD 2.9. To start this,</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./prog</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">./prog</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>At the <code>&gt;boot</code> prompt, type return.</p>
<p>At the “:” prompt, type <code>rk(0,0)rkunix</code>.</p>
<p>NOTE: To quit prog, press Control-E.</p>
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ program that replaces an even larger machine that can run BSD 2.9. To start this
the very first IOCCC entries <a href="../../1984/mullender/index.html">1984/mullender</a>, as
shown earlier.</p>
<p>But wait, there is even more! Try:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./v6</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">./v6</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>At the <code>@</code> prompt, type <code>rkunix</code>. You might want to type <code>stty -lcase</code> as
otherwise the output will be in all caps.</p>
<p>NOTE: To quit v6, press Control-E.</p>
@@ -225,42 +224,42 @@ can build versions that can run each of the following:</p>
<h3 id="building-and-running-bsd-2.9">Building and Running BSD 2.9:</h3>
<p>To run BSD 2.9, do <code>make</code> to build <code>prog</code> and then <code>./prog</code> to run it.</p>
<p>You should see a prompt from the first-stage bootloader that looks like</p>
<pre><code>&gt;boot</code></pre>
<pre><code> &gt;boot</code></pre>
<p>Hit enter/return at this point and you will get to the second-stage boot loader
that looks like</p>
<pre><code>40Boot
:</code></pre>
<pre><code> 40Boot
:</code></pre>
<p>The 40 in the prompt indicates that the bootloader has correctly determined
that we are running on a PDP-11/40.</p>
<p>At this point, type the rather cryptic command <code>rk(0,0)rkunix</code> – this tells
the system to look at the first partition on the first <code>RK05</code> fixed disk, find
the <code>rkunix</code> file and load it. You should eventually see the following:</p>
<pre><code>&gt;boot
<pre><code> &gt;boot
40Boot
: rk(0,0)rkunix
40Boot
: rk(0,0)rkunix
Berkeley UNIX (Rev. 2.9.1) Sun Nov 20 14:55:50 PST 1983
mem = 135872
Berkeley UNIX (Rev. 2.9.1) Sun Nov 20 14:55:50 PST 1983
mem = 135872
CONFIGURE SYSTEM:
xp ? csr 176700 vector 254 skipped: No CSR
rk 0 csr 177400 vector 220 attached
hk ? csr 177440 vector 210 skipped: No CSR
rl ? csr 174400 vector 160 skipped: No CSR
rp ? csr 176700 vector 254 skipped: No CSR
ht 0 csr 172440 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
tm 0 csr 172520 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
ts 0 csr 172520 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
dh ? csr 160020 vector 370 skipped: No CSR
dm ? csr 170500 vector 360 skipped: No autoconfig routines
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dn 0 csr 175200 vector 300 skipped: No autoconfig routines
vp ? csr 177500 vector 174 skipped: No autoconfig routines
lp ? csr 177514 vector 200 skipped: No CSR
Erase=^?, kill=^U, intr=^C
#</code></pre>
CONFIGURE SYSTEM:
xp ? csr 176700 vector 254 skipped: No CSR
rk 0 csr 177400 vector 220 attached
hk ? csr 177440 vector 210 skipped: No CSR
rl ? csr 174400 vector 160 skipped: No CSR
rp ? csr 176700 vector 254 skipped: No CSR
ht 0 csr 172440 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
tm 0 csr 172520 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
ts 0 csr 172520 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
dh ? csr 160020 vector 370 skipped: No CSR
dm ? csr 170500 vector 360 skipped: No autoconfig routines
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dn 0 csr 175200 vector 300 skipped: No autoconfig routines
vp ? csr 177500 vector 174 skipped: No autoconfig routines
lp ? csr 177514 vector 200 skipped: No CSR
Erase=^?, kill=^U, intr=^C
#</code></pre>
<p>Congratulations, you are running BSD UNIX 2.9 in single-user mode as root.</p>
<p>On the other hand, if you did a typo somewhere, the boot loader has probably
crashed and halted – if so, type Control-E to quit the emulator and try
@@ -270,15 +269,15 @@ If so, consider a <code>make clean</code> to start from scratch.</p>
root prompt. Most of the commands you are familiar with work here (this was
only a quarter of a century ago – how much could things have changed?).
Let’s try some:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ls</span></span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">.cshrc</span> .profile boot hkunix mnt tmp</span>
<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">.login</span> 2.9stamp dev lib mullender.c unix</span>
<span id="cb15-4"><a href="#cb15-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">.msgsrc</span> bin etc lost+found rkunix usr</span>
<span id="cb15-5"><a href="#cb15-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># df</span></span>
<span id="cb15-6"><a href="#cb15-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">Filesystem</span> Mounted on kbytes used free % used</span>
<span id="cb15-7"><a href="#cb15-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">/dev/rk0</span> / 1958 1688 270 86%</span>
<span id="cb15-8"><a href="#cb15-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># bin/cc mullender.c</span></span>
<span id="cb15-9"><a href="#cb15-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ./a.out</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># ls</span></span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">.cshrc</span> .profile boot hkunix mnt tmp</span>
<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">.login</span> 2.9stamp dev lib mullender.c unix</span>
<span id="cb15-4"><a href="#cb15-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">.msgsrc</span> bin etc lost+found rkunix usr</span>
<span id="cb15-5"><a href="#cb15-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># df</span></span>
<span id="cb15-6"><a href="#cb15-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">Filesystem</span> Mounted on kbytes used free % used</span>
<span id="cb15-7"><a href="#cb15-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">/dev/rk0</span> / 1958 1688 270 86%</span>
<span id="cb15-8"><a href="#cb15-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># bin/cc mullender.c</span></span>
<span id="cb15-9"><a href="#cb15-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># ./a.out</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>The program you’ve just run was the [winning entry of the first IOCCC contest from
1984] <a href="../../1984/mullender/mullender.c" title="mullender.c">1</a> (or was it 1894?), a personal favorite of mine. It is rather
tightly bound to running on either a PDP-11 or a VAX-11. Now you have one.</p>
@@ -300,51 +299,51 @@ possible, but I didn’t get around to it… As the Judges can no doubt attest,
<p>Research UNIX v6 and BSD 2.9 use the same executable, but require a different
disk image. Type <code>make v6</code> to build it, then type <code>./prog</code> to run it.</p>
<p>You should see the boot loader prompt which is a single <code>@</code>:</p>
<pre><code>@</code></pre>
<pre><code> @</code></pre>
<p>At this point, you again must type a special incantation: <code>rkunix</code>. After that
you should see:</p>
<pre><code>@rkunix
mem = 1035
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
<pre><code> @rkunix
mem = 1035
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
#</code></pre>
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
#</code></pre>
<p>You are now running a single-user session of v6 UNIX. You might want to start
with <code>stty -lcase</code> because otherwise everything will be IN ALL CAPS.</p>
<p>Again, if you failed typing seven characters without making a mistake, you
may need to use Control-E to quit the emulation.</p>
<p>Assuming you’re more careful than that, we can try a few commands:</p>
<pre><code>@rkunix
mem = 1035
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
<pre><code> @rkunix
mem = 1035
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
# STTY -LCASE
# ls
bin
dev
etc
hpunix
lib
mnt
rkunix
rpunix
tmp
unix
usr
# cat &gt; foo.c
main()
{
printf(&quot;Hello, World!\n&quot;);
}
^D
# cc foo.c
# ./a.out
Hello, World!</code></pre>
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
# STTY -LCASE
# ls
bin
dev
etc
hpunix
lib
mnt
rkunix
rpunix
tmp
unix
usr
# cat &gt; foo.c
main()
{
printf(&quot;Hello, World!\n&quot;);
}
^D
# cc foo.c
# ./a.out
Hello, World!</code></pre>
<p>Why is Version 6 interesting? Well, it was the oldest version that I could
find a boot image of that had a C compiler… This C compiler is recognizably
C, but not quite the same syntax as we have today. It’s much closer to the
@@ -387,13 +386,13 @@ it hadn’t been named that yet).</p>
<p>You can try out this version by typing <code>make v0</code>. Since this version is a
native PDP-7 emulation, it gets its own binary. Type <code>./v0</code> to run it. You
should see the login prompt.</p>
<pre><code>login:</code></pre>
<pre><code> login:</code></pre>
<p>There are two user accounts <code>ken</code> and <code>dmr</code>, with the passwords <code>ken</code> and <code>dmr</code>
respectively. Let’s try the Dennis Richie’s <code>dmr</code> account:</p>
<pre><code>login: dmr
password: dmr
@ ls
. ?</code></pre>
<pre><code> login: dmr
password: dmr
@ ls
. ?</code></pre>
<p>Even though this is not Ken’s doing, I feel this gives me licence to
include this quote from the BSD <code>fortune</code> program:</p>
<blockquote>
@@ -415,51 +414,51 @@ directory doesn’t have that yet, but we can make it, because the home
directory has a hard link to <code>dd</code>, which is the directory that holds all
of the user home directories (this will eventually become <code>/</code>, the root
path). We can do</p>
<pre><code>@ ln dd dmr .</code></pre>
<pre><code> @ ln dd dmr .</code></pre>
<p>To make the new link (note that <code>ln</code> doesn’t support paths either, so you have
to give it three arguments – a directory in the current dir, a file in that
directory, and the new name).</p>
<p>Now <code>ls</code> will work, and we can try some other things while we are here:</p>
<pre><code>login: dmr
password: dmr
@ ln dd dmr .
@ ls
dd
system
as.s
b_readme
bi.s
bl.s
db.s
hello.b
ops.s
.
@ cat b_readme
Here is how to compile and run hello.b:
<pre><code> login: dmr
password: dmr
@ ln dd dmr .
@ ls
dd
system
as.s
b_readme
bi.s
bl.s
db.s
hello.b
ops.s
.
@ cat b_readme
Here is how to compile and run hello.b:
@ bc hello.b hello.s
@ as ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s
I
II
ops.s
bl.s
hello.s
bi.s
@ a.out
Hello, World!
@ bc hello.b hello.s
@ as ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s
I
II
ops.s
bl.s
hello.s
bi.s
@ a.out
Hello, World!
@ bc hello.b hello.s
@ as ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s
I
II
ops.s
bl.s
hello.s
bi.s
@ a.out
Hello, World!
@</code></pre>
@ bc hello.b hello.s
@ as ops.s bl.s hello.s bi.s
I
II
ops.s
bl.s
hello.s
bi.s
@ a.out
Hello, World!
@</code></pre>
<p>The last command is invoking the compiler for an extremely early version of
the [B programming language] <a href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/kbman.html" title="B Language">3</a>, the predecessor to C. Thompson missed the
convenience of writing code in a high-level language – Multics was written