force use of pandoc version >= 3.1.12.2

The `bin/pandoc-wrapper.sh` tool will verify that the ssytem
has a recent enough version of `pandoc(1)`.

We explain why we insist on `pandoc(1)`. version >= 3.1.12.2
in comments where the $PANDOC_MIN_VERSION is set.

Added `--wrap=preserve` as a default argument to `pandoc(1)`.
While this change will impact every HTML file generated,
we believe this will improve the ability of someone to look
at the generated HTML and correlate with the original markdown.

Changed `bin/pandoc-wrapper.sh` VERSION from "1.4.2 2024-03-17"
to "1.4.3 2024-03-18".

Performed `make www` to achieve all of the above and to generate
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@@ -144,8 +144,7 @@ Location: <a href="../../location.html#JP">JP</a> - <em>Japan</em>
<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
<pre><code>STATUS: INABIAF - please **DO NOT** fix</code></pre>
<p>For more detailed information see <a
href="../../bugs.html#2013_endoh1">2013 endoh1 bugs</a>.</p>
<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#2013_endoh1">2013 endoh1 bugs</a>.</p>
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./endoh1</span> <span class="pp">[</span><span class="ss">file.lazy</span><span class="pp">]</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
@@ -153,12 +152,11 @@ href="../../bugs.html#2013_endoh1">2013 endoh1 bugs</a>.</p>
<p>You might also enjoy running:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">cc</span> <span class="at">-E</span> endoh1.c <span class="kw">|</span> <span class="fu">less</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
<p>We liked this entry because it can serve as a standalone program as
well as an include file; and, as usual, because its input data is at
least as obfuscated as the program itself.</p>
<p>This entry can be considered an abuse of the GCC’s optimizer; it
takes GCC about 4x longer to compile it with -O3 than without, compared
to clang’s 2x.</p>
<p>We liked this entry because it can serve as a standalone program as well as an
include file; and, as usual, because its input data is at least as obfuscated as
the program itself.</p>
<p>This entry can be considered an abuse of the GCC’s optimizer; it takes GCC about
4x longer to compile it with -O3 than without, compared to clang’s 2x.</p>
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
<h3 id="remarks">Remarks</h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">less</span> endoh1.c</span>
@@ -166,54 +164,42 @@ to clang’s 2x.</p>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./endoh1</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>… Isn’t there any more to it?</p>
<p>Yes, of course.</p>
<p>This is a tool <em>for C programmers</em> to play the <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKI_combinator_calculus">SKI
combinator calculus</a>, especially, <a
href="https://tromp.github.io/cl/lazy-k.html">Lazy K</a>.</p>
<p>This program will shine when it is used as a library. For example, <a
href="hello.lazy">hello.lazy</a> is a “Hello world” program written in
Lazy K.</p>
<p>This is a tool <em>for C programmers</em> to play the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKI_combinator_calculus">SKI combinator calculus</a>,
especially, <a href="https://tromp.github.io/cl/lazy-k.html">Lazy K</a>.</p>
<p>This program will shine when it is used as a library. For example,
<a href="hello.lazy">hello.lazy</a> is a “Hello world” program written in Lazy K.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> lazy hello.lazy</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">Hello,</span> world!</span></code></pre></div>
<p>where <code>lazy</code> is <a href="https://github.com/irori/lazyk">a
reference implementation of Lazy K</a>. At the same time, <a
href="hello.lazy">hello.lazy</a> is <em>a valid C program</em> that uses
<a href="endoh1.c">endoh1.c</a> as a library.</p>
<p>where <code>lazy</code> is <a href="https://github.com/irori/lazyk">a reference implementation of Lazy K</a>. At the same time,
<a href="hello.lazy">hello.lazy</a> is <em>a valid C program</em> that uses <a href="endoh1.c">endoh1.c</a>
as a library.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> gcc <span class="at">-o</span> hello <span class="at">-xc</span> hello.lazy</span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> ./hello</span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">Hello,</span> world!</span></code></pre></div>
<p>In other words, this program is a kind of <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot_%28computing%29">polyglot</a>.</p>
<p>The usage is simple: you just have to wrap Lazy K program with
<code>#include "endoh1.c"</code>. Note that <code>#</code> is a comment
in Lazy K.</p>
<p>In other words, this program is a kind of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot_%28computing%29">polyglot</a>.</p>
<p>The usage is simple: you just have to wrap Lazy K program with <code>#include "endoh1.c"</code>. Note that <code>#</code> is a comment in Lazy K.</p>
<h3 id="obfuscation">Obfuscation</h3>
<p>… is inherent in SKI combinator calculus :-)</p>
<p>In addition, it uses various hacks to parse SKI code as C, and to
satisfy IOCCC’s size rule.</p>
<p>In addition, it uses various hacks to parse SKI code as C,
and to satisfy IOCCC’s size rule.</p>
<ul>
<li>Abuse of function pointers.</li>
<li>Code duplication by macros.</li>
<li>Short coding.</li>
</ul>
<p>These led to the good obfuscation.</p>
<p>See <a href="#spoiler">Spoiler section</a> in detail, if you
need.</p>
<p>See <a href="#spoiler">Spoiler section</a> in detail, if you need.</p>
<h3 id="limitation">Limitation</h3>
<p>This program supports only “Combinator-calculus style notation” of
Lazy K. “Unlambda style” and “Iota and Jot” style are not supported.</p>
<p>Also, it requires a space between identifiers. In short, use
<code>(S K)</code> instead of <code>(SK)</code>, “`sk”,
<code>**i*i*i*ii*i*i*ii</code>, or <code>11111100011100</code>.</p>
<p>Huge memory may be required to compile the program (about 300 MB on
my machine).</p>
<p>In addition, there are some limitations (and workarounds) mentioned
in <a href="#spoiler">Spoiler section</a>.</p>
<p>But I think it would only matter when you run the attached
programs.</p>
<p>This program supports only “Combinator-calculus style notation” of Lazy K.
“Unlambda style” and “Iota and Jot” style are not supported.</p>
<p>Also, it requires a space between identifiers. In short, use <code>(S K)</code> instead of
<code>(SK)</code>, “`sk”, <code>**i*i*i*ii*i*i*ii</code>, or <code>11111100011100</code>.</p>
<p>Huge memory may be required to compile the program (about 300 MB on my machine).</p>
<p>In addition, there are some limitations (and workarounds) mentioned in <a href="#spoiler">Spoiler
section</a>.</p>
<p>But I think it would only matter when you run the attached programs.</p>
<h3 id="portability">Portability</h3>
<p>I confirmed that the program successfully worked with the following
compilers:</p>
<p>I confirmed that the program successfully worked with the following compilers:</p>
<ul>
<li>gcc 4.6.3 [Linux, Mac OS X]</li>
<li>clang 3.0 [Linux, Mac OS X]</li>
@@ -222,8 +208,7 @@ compilers:</p>
<li>N.B. tcc 0.9.25 seems to have a bug and fails to run it.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>Recent compilers with <code>-Wall -W -Wextra -pedantic</code> say
nothing.</p>
<p>Recent compilers with <code>-Wall -W -Wextra -pedantic</code> say nothing.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">gcc</span> <span class="at">-Wall</span> <span class="at">-W</span> <span class="at">-Wextra</span> <span class="at">-pedantic</span> prog.c</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">clang</span> <span class="at">-Wall</span> <span class="at">-W</span> <span class="at">-Wextra</span> <span class="at">-pedantic</span> prog.c</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">tcc</span> <span class="at">-Wall</span> <span class="at">-W</span> <span class="at">-Wextra</span> <span class="at">-pedantic</span> prog.c</span></code></pre></div>
@@ -233,47 +218,40 @@ nothing.</p>
<li>Mac OS X</li>
<li>Raspberry PI</li>
</ul>
<p>To check whether the program is specified on the command line or
included from another source file, the program uses a predefined macro
<code>__INCLUDE_LEVEL__</code>. It is a gcc extension, and also
supported by clang. If your compiler does not support it, you cannot use
the program as a library. But you can compile and run it as a standalone
program, at least. In fact, tcc does not support the macro, but does
work.</p>
<p>To check whether the program is specified on the command line or included from
another source file, the program uses a predefined macro <code>__INCLUDE_LEVEL__</code>.
It is a gcc extension, and also supported by clang. If your compiler does not
support it, you cannot use the program as a library. But you can compile and
run it as a standalone program, at least. In fact, tcc does not support the
macro, but does work.</p>
<h3 id="spoiler">Spoiler</h3>
<p>The whole program is interpreted by macro expansion. For example,
<code>S (K I)</code> is translated to a normal C code,
<code>(s)((k)(i))</code>, or simply <code>s(k(i))</code>.</p>
<p>This expression returns an abstract syntax tree, and <a
href="endoh1.c">endoh1.c</a> evaluates it.</p>
<p>This program uses a very simple “term rewriting” approach for
evaluating SKI combinator calculus. The rewriting rules are shown in the
shape of the code.</p>
<p>The whole program is interpreted by macro expansion.
For example, <code>S (K I)</code> is translated to a normal C code, <code>(s)((k)(i))</code>, or
simply <code>s(k(i))</code>.</p>
<p>This expression returns an abstract syntax tree, and <a href="endoh1.c">endoh1.c</a>
evaluates it.</p>
<p>This program uses a very simple “term rewriting” approach for evaluating SKI
combinator calculus. The rewriting rules are shown in the shape of the code.</p>
<h4 id="abuse-of-function-pointers">Abuse of function pointers</h4>
<p>Consider a sequence of function applications in C:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>s<span class="op">(</span>x<span class="op">)(</span>x<span class="op">)(</span>x<span class="op">)(</span>x<span class="op">)...</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>What type should <code>s</code> have? Unfortunately, C does
<em>not</em> provide a “recursive type”, such as
<code>typedef f (*f)();</code>.</p>
<p>What type should <code>s</code> have? Unfortunately, C does <em>not</em> provide a “recursive
type”, such as <code>typedef f (*f)();</code>.</p>
<p>So, I used a heavily nested function pointer type:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">typedef</span> <span class="dt">void</span> <span class="op">*(*(*(*...(*(</span>f<span class="op">))()...)())())</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>This limits how many arguments one function can be consecutively
applied to. But you can increase the number by tweaking the definition
of macro <code>p</code>.</p>
<p>This limits how many arguments one function can be consecutively applied to.
But you can increase the number by tweaking the definition of macro <code>p</code>.</p>
<h4 id="code-duplication-by-macros">Code duplication by macros</h4>
<p>Next, we need to encode “closures”. A closure is a function together
with an environment which is a reference to non-local variable.</p>
<p>In this case, we need something that meets all of the following
criteria:</p>
<p>Next, we need to encode “closures”. A closure is a function together with an
environment which is a reference to non-local variable.</p>
<p>In this case, we need something that meets all of the following criteria:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is callable itself.</li>
<li>Internally possesses a reference to another closure as a non-local
variable.</li>
<li>Internally possesses a reference to another closure as a non-local variable.</li>
<li>Applies the internal closure to an argument when it is called.</li>
</ul>
<p>However, no type in C is callable and has a reference at the same
time. (It is feasible by dynamic code generation, but it is far from
portable.)</p>
<p>However, no type in C is callable and has a reference at the same time.
(It is feasible by dynamic code generation, but it is far from portable.)</p>
<p>So, I addressed this issue by generating many function definitions
statically by (ab)using macros:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span> <span class="op">*</span>x1<span class="op">;</span> <span class="dt">void</span> f1<span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">void</span> <span class="op">*</span>y<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span> <span class="cf">return</span> apply<span class="op">(</span>x1<span class="op">,</span> y<span class="op">);</span> <span class="op">}</span></span>
@@ -282,79 +260,47 @@ statically by (ab)using macros:</p>
<span id="cb12-4"><a href="#cb12-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">...</span></span>
<span id="cb12-5"><a href="#cb12-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span> <span class="op">*(</span>h<span class="op">[])</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span> f1<span class="op">,</span> f2<span class="op">,</span> f3<span class="op">,</span> <span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>and by allotting each of them when a closure is needed.</p>
<p>This leads to another limitation: the number of pre-defined closures
limits how many identifiers (<code>S</code> <code>K</code>
<code>I</code>) one program can use.</p>
<p>But you can increase this number by tweaking the definition of macro
<code>A</code> <code>B</code> <code>C</code> and <code>D</code>. (Note
that closures are allotted only when parsing; after the evaluation
starts, “out of closure” cannot occur.)</p>
<p>This leads to another limitation: the number of pre-defined closures limits how
many identifiers (<code>S</code> <code>K</code> <code>I</code>) one program can use.</p>
<p>But you can increase this number by tweaking the definition of macro <code>A</code> <code>B</code> <code>C</code>
and <code>D</code>. (Note that closures are allotted only when parsing; after the
evaluation starts, “out of closure” cannot occur.)</p>
<h4 id="short-cording">Short cording</h4>
<p>This margin is too narrow to contain a detailed explanation. Instead,
I just ask you one question. Can you tell what
<code>v s[]={0,0,s+6,s+2,s+4,s,s+3,s+5,s+1};</code> is? I found this by
using an <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfiability_modulo_theories">SMT
<p>This margin is too narrow to contain a detailed explanation. Instead, I just
ask you one question. Can you tell what <code>v s[]={0,0,s+6,s+2,s+4,s,s+3,s+5,s+1};</code> is? I found this by using an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfiability_modulo_theories">SMT
solver</a>.</p>
<h2 id="copyright-and-cc-by-sa-4.0-license">Copyright and CC BY-SA 4.0
License:</h2>
<p>This file is Copyright (c) 2023 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights
Reserved. You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of
this license:</p>
<h2 id="copyright-and-cc-by-sa-4.0-license">Copyright and CC BY-SA 4.0 License:</h2>
<p>This file is Copyright (c) 2023 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:</p>
<pre><code>Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)</code></pre>
<p>For more information, see:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</p>
<p>For more information, see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</p>
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<h1 id="inventory-for-2013endoh1"><a name="inventory"></a>Inventory for
2013/endoh1</h1>
<h1 id="inventory-for-2013endoh1"><a name="inventory"></a>Inventory for 2013/endoh1</h1>
<p><a href="#top">Jump to top</a></p>
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/endoh1.c">endoh1.c</a>
- entry source</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/Makefile">Makefile</a>
- entry Makefile</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/endoh1.orig.c">endoh1.orig.c</a>
- original source</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/try.sh">try.sh</a>
- how to run</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/echo.lazy">echo.lazy</a>
- lazy input</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/hello.lazy">hello.lazy</a>
- lazy input</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/rot13.ed">rot13.ed</a>
- ed script</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/tac.lazy">tac.lazy</a>
- lazy input</li>
<li><a href="2013_endoh1.tar.bz2">2013_endoh1.tar.bz2</a> - download
entry source</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/endoh1.c">endoh1.c</a> - entry source</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/endoh1.orig.c">endoh1.orig.c</a> - original source</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/try.sh">try.sh</a> - how to run</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/echo.lazy">echo.lazy</a> - lazy input</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/hello.lazy">hello.lazy</a> - lazy input</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/rot13.ed">rot13.ed</a> - ed script</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/tac.lazy">tac.lazy</a> - lazy input</li>
<li><a href="2013_endoh1.tar.bz2">2013_endoh1.tar.bz2</a> - download entry source</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - entry home page</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/.entry.json">.entry.json</a>
- description of entry in JSON</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/.gitignore">.gitignore</a>
- list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - description of entry in JSON</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
<li><a href=".path">.path</a> - directory path from top directory</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/README.md">README.md</a>
- markdown source for index.html</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/endoh1/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for index.html</li>
</ul>
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