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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>1995/leo - Best use of obfuscation</h2>
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<h3>Output interesting patterns and cycles in PostScript</h3>
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</div>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/leo.c">C code</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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||
<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Leonid_A_Broukhis">Leonid A. Broukhis</a><br>
|
||
Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
|
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 1995/leo/README.md -->
|
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> make all</code></pre>
|
||
<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
|
||
<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p><strong>STATUS: known bug - please help us fix</strong></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#1995_leo">1995/leo in bugs.html</a>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
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||
<pre><code> ./leo [ deep ] [ right ] [ Variable ] [ cycle [ freq ] ]</code></pre>
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<p>See the author’s information below on these details.</p>
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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||
<pre><code> ./try.sh</code></pre>
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<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
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||
<p>Press return after each image is drawn.</p>
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<p>The variable names are element-ary. If you find this confusing,
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remember that it is nu-clear. :-)</p>
|
||
<p>Some Ghostscripts/Postscript programs cleared the screen right after
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the image is drawn, so we added element 106 which acts as an input
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buffer.</p>
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||
<p>To qualify for a category specially for yourself in the Geek code, find out all
|
||
the secret switches that the author doesn’t divulge ! (All switches are single
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characters on the command line - anything that’s not a number is a candidate.)</p>
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||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>The usage is:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./leo [ deep ] [ right ] [ Variable ] [ cycle [ freq ] ]</code></pre>
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||
<p>where the first three are literal words, <code>cycle</code> is a positive integer (0 is
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ignored), and <code>freq</code> is an integer (default = 0) that’s supposed to be in the
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range <code>0..100</code> (bigger values are allowed, however). Invalid parameters and
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||
options usually stop the command line parsing (not always but why?). The actual
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||
position of the word options does not matter, so <code>./leo right Variable 1 70</code> is
|
||
equivalent to <code>./leo 0 0 0 1 Variable 70 right</code>, etc.</p>
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||
<p>If <code>Variable</code> is used, <code>cycle</code> is almost ignored (see below) but has
|
||
to be present if you want to enter <code>freq</code> (and you usually do).</p>
|
||
<p>Some options to try (besides the obvious):</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./leo 1 | cat - /dev/tty | gs -</code></pre>
|
||
<p>This draws the basic pattern I invented in high school:</p>
|
||
<p>You take a big sheet of “arithmetic” paper and draw a line
|
||
of length 1 (between 2 crossings) at the center of the sheet:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> |</code></pre>
|
||
<p>This makes 2 open ends (I think the notion of an “open end” doesn’t
|
||
require explanations) in step 1. Now, until there are open ends in step N,
|
||
repeat: for each open end pretend it points north and draw 2 lines going
|
||
northwest and northeast from it to the nearest crossings. This needs to be
|
||
done “simultaneously” for all ends that are open at that moment.</p>
|
||
<p>Step 2:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> \./
|
||
|
|
||
/ \</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Step 3:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> __| |__
|
||
\./
|
||
|
|
||
__ / \ __
|
||
| |
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Step 4:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> .
|
||
\./ \./
|
||
\__| |__/
|
||
/ \./ \
|
||
|
|
||
\__./ \.__/
|
||
/ | | \
|
||
/ \./ \</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Step 5:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ._| . |_.
|
||
__| \./ \./ |__
|
||
\__| |__/
|
||
__./ \./ \.__
|
||
__I | I__
|
||
\__./ \.__/
|
||
__./ | | \.__
|
||
|_./ \./ \._|
|
||
| |
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>The lines marked by <code>I</code> show the places where “simultaneity” is significant.</p>
|
||
<p>Note that so far all the drawings represent valid structural formulas of some
|
||
organic substances.</p>
|
||
<p>step 1: ethane
|
||
step 2: 2,3-dimethylbutane
|
||
step 3: (2,5-dimethyl;3,4-isopropyl)-hexane
|
||
step 4 and 5: I don’t know. Do you?</p>
|
||
<p>Step 6:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> \./ \./ \./ \./
|
||
._| . |_. ._| . |_.
|
||
\__| \./ \./ |__/ \__| \./ \./ |__/
|
||
/ \__| |__/ \ / \__| |__/ \
|
||
\__./ \./ \.__/ \__./ \./ \.__/
|
||
X__| | |__X or <__| | |__>
|
||
/ \__./ \.__/ \ / \__./ \.__/ \
|
||
\__./ | | \.__/ \__./ | | \.__/
|
||
/ |_./ \./ \._| / |_./ \./ \._|
|
||
| | | |
|
||
/ \ / \ / \ / \
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>depending on the desired “hairiness”. The original (paper-based)
|
||
algorithm was “hairy”, but it didn’t look as good on the screen.</p>
|
||
<p>The program cannot handle non-hairy mode 100% correctly - step 6 happens
|
||
to be</p>
|
||
<pre><code> |__
|
||
...__/ ...__/
|
||
... \ ... \.
|
||
...__/ ...__/|__
|
||
...__Y and step 7: ...__Y
|
||
... \ ... \
|
||
...__/ ...__/
|
||
\ \.__
|
||
|
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>and so on: the horizontal symmetry has been lost. That’s why
|
||
the opening for step 1 is not a single line but a cross:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> \./
|
||
/ \</code></pre>
|
||
<p>To watch it repeatedly (as a screen saver), use:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./leo 2 | cat - /dev/tty | gs -</code></pre>
|
||
<p>The command line:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./leo Variable 1 | cat - /dev/tty | gs -</code></pre>
|
||
<p>draws the same as above. Try:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./leo Variable 1 1 | cat - /dev/tty | gs -</code></pre>
|
||
<p>What happened to the picture? Increase <code>freq</code> and watch the changes.</p>
|
||
<p>If <code>cycle</code> is more than 1, the program loops, allowing the user to
|
||
enjoy randomly changing patterns (the delay is 3 seconds),
|
||
but there is a secret switch to suppress looping: useful
|
||
if you want to pipe the output to a printer.</p>
|
||
<p>If <code>Variable</code> is used, the actual value of <code>cycle</code> doesn’t matter,
|
||
as far as it is > 1. To figure out what difference
|
||
<code>cycle</code> makes when <code>Variable</code> is not used, try</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./leo Variable 37 80 | cat - /dev/tty | gs -</code></pre>
|
||
<p>and other values of <code>cycle</code>; smaller values usually require
|
||
smaller values of <code>freq</code> for the patterns to be non-trivial.</p>
|
||
<p>The options <code>deep</code> and <code>right</code> make the patterns to be drawn in different
|
||
manners. Try all the examples above with <code>deep</code> and with <code>right</code>.
|
||
What is the difference between them?</p>
|
||
<p>…There is a little flaw in the implementation of the algorithm,
|
||
and sometimes the patterns are not symmetrical when they ought to be
|
||
(the program needs to be slightly changed to expose the flaw,
|
||
otherwise it is hardly noticeable, if ever).</p>
|
||
<p>A quick and dirty fix (turned on by another secret switch)
|
||
makes the patterns symmetrical, but a little too HAIRY.</p>
|
||
<p>There is one more secret switch (it shall also remain nameless), and I don’t
|
||
even want to explain what it does. You’ve been warned!</p>
|
||
<pre><code> * * *</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Special thanks:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>to PostScript syntax designers for the curly braces;</li>
|
||
<li>to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev">Dmitry Mendeleyev</a> for his
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table">periodic table of elements</a>;</li>
|
||
<li>to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> for having 2 more
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope">isotopes</a>.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="notice-to-those-who-wish-for-a-greater-challenge">NOTICE to those who wish for a greater challenge:</h3>
|
||
<p><strong>If you want a greater challenge, don’t read any further</strong>:
|
||
just try to understand the program via the source.</p>
|
||
<p>If you get stuck, come back and read below for additional hints and information.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="secret-switch">Secret switch</h3>
|
||
<p>See <a href="secret.html">secret.html</a> if you wish to know the secret switch.</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
<!-- AFTER: last line of markdown file: 1995/leo/README.md -->
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content generated by: bin/output-index-inventory.sh -->
|
||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-1995leo">Inventory for 1995/leo</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/leo.c">leo.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/leo.orig.c">leo.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="secret.html">secret.html</a> - web page with the secret switch</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="1995_leo.tar.bz2">1995_leo.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1995/leo/secret.md">secret.md</a> - markdown source for secret.html</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
|
||
</h4>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- END: this line ends content from: inc/after-content.default.html -->
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/footer.inventory.html -->
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll:
|
||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer"
|
||
style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/cc.png"
|
||
alt="cc inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/by.png"
|
||
alt="person inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/sa.png"
|
||
alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
||
<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
||
of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1995%2Fleo%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
|
||
<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
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</body>
|
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</html>
|
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