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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>1996/schweikh3 - Best utility</h2>
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<h3>Determins the memory allocation honesty of the OS</h3>
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</div>
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<a class="Left" href="../schweikh2/index.html">← 1996/schweikh2</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../westley/index.html">1996/westley →</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/schweikh3.c">C code</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/schweikh3.orig.c">Original C</a>
|
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<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1996%2Fschweikh3%2Findex.html">✓</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Jens_Schweikhardt">Jens Schweikhardt</a><br>
|
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#DE">DE</a> - <em>Federal Republic of Germany</em> (<em>Germany</em>)</li>
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 1996/schweikh3/README.md -->
|
||
<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> make all</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
|
||
<p><strong>WARNING: DO NOT RUN this program without reading this text down to the end!</strong>
|
||
It may render your system unusable for a limited amount of time
|
||
or force you to reboot using the Big Red Button! This is <strong>NOT</strong> a joke.
|
||
You have been warned.</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./schweikh3</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>The source fails to compile on compilers that recognize the inline
|
||
keyword by default. For <code>gcc</code>, you may need to use <code>-ansi</code>.</p>
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||
<p>See the file <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/schweikh3.info">schweikh3.info</a> for example output from various
|
||
systems.</p>
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||
<p>But still it is a useful utility. To use try:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./schweikh3</code></pre>
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<p>and thanks for the virtual memories! :-)</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="why-i-think-my-entry-is-obfuscated">Why I think my entry is obfuscated</h3>
|
||
<p>There are some layout obfuscations that hinder readability, like
|
||
some (but not all) one character tokens in column 1. <code>#include</code>s,
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||
<code>#define</code>s and declarations of data and functions appear intermixed.
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<code>iso646.h</code> is even included in the middle of an expression, how
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||
disgusting. Besides, requiring <code>iso646.h</code> will render the program
|
||
uncompilable on many systems that have not yet incorporated
|
||
Amendment One to The Standard. If you, dear reader, suffer from
|
||
this disease, just read <code>iso646.h</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>There are no <code>if</code> statements. They have been replaced by
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<code>switch () case 1:</code> or <code>switch () case 0:</code> etc. At least one
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||
<code>switch</code> has a declaration after the opening brace, booh!
|
||
Identifiers are named after random programming languages, BASIC (as <code>Basic</code>),
|
||
COBOL, F77, awk etc.</p>
|
||
<p>You have to select maximum ANSI C conformance of your
|
||
compiler. The source fails to compile under a C++ compiler due to
|
||
the <code>new</code> identifier which is a C++ reserved word:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> $ g++ schweikh3.c
|
||
schweikh3.c:9: parse error before `new'
|
||
schweikh3.c:16: parse error before `new'
|
||
schweikh3.c:46: parse error before `void'
|
||
schweikh3.c:65: parse error before `Lisp'
|
||
schweikh3.c:68: parse error before `;'
|
||
[...]
|
||
schweikh3.c:91: confused by earlier errors, bailing out</code></pre>
|
||
<p>The source fails to compile on compilers that recognize the inline
|
||
keyword by default, e.g. <code>gcc</code>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> $ gcc schweikh3.c
|
||
schweikh3.c:46: parse error before `void'
|
||
schweikh3.c: In function `main':
|
||
schweikh3.c:91: parse error before `inline'
|
||
schweikh3.c: At top level:
|
||
schweikh3.c:97: parse error before `void'</code></pre>
|
||
<p>The <code>-ansi</code> option to <code>gcc</code> fixes this.</p>
|
||
<p>The source fails to compile on obsolete systems with obsolete
|
||
memory models due to the identifier <code>far</code> (to be honest: this is
|
||
untested :-) ).</p>
|
||
<p>Does your <code>indent(1)</code> cope with backslash/newline pairs in between keywords like in
|
||
<code>re\turn</code> where the <code>re\</code> is at the end of a line? ? Solaris’ <code>indent(1)</code> inserts
|
||
spaces and thereby renders the source uncompilable…</p>
|
||
<p>The indented source will exhibit different semantics when indenting
|
||
changes the number of lines (due to using the <code>__LINE__</code> macro in an
|
||
expression).</p>
|
||
<p>And what about <code>sizeof __TIME__</code>? This one’s for the philosophers
|
||
and physicists among us programmers. What is it? <code>sizeof (char *)</code>? – no.
|
||
<code>strlen ("hh:mm:ss")</code>? – no. It’s the same as <code>sizeof __DATE__ - sizeof "no"</code> :-)</p>
|
||
<p>The program is POSIX conformant and lints without warning under
|
||
Solaris’ Sunpro lint. Allocated memory is correctly freed on all
|
||
possible execution paths.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="what-this-program-does">What this program does</h3>
|
||
<p>This program tests your operating system’s allocation honesty. It
|
||
forks a child that will allocate as much memory as possible with byte
|
||
granularity and then write to every 1024th byte, at the same time
|
||
writing a status report on <code>stdout</code>. This way each page of the
|
||
allocated virtual memory will eventually be referenced. Without
|
||
any arguments, <code>malloc(3)</code> will be used to allocate memory. If the
|
||
first arg starts with <code>c</code>, <code>calloc(3)</code> will be used instead.</p>
|
||
<p>I distinguish three different behaviours:</p>
|
||
<ol type="1">
|
||
<li><p>OS without memory overcommit: <code>malloc(3)</code> does not lie – you can use all memory
|
||
the OS granted to you.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>OS with memory overcommit: <code>malloc(3)</code> lies – any program may get killed at
|
||
random when the OS can not acquire a free page.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>OS with pseudo memory overcommit: <code>malloc(3)</code> lies – The OS puts processes to
|
||
sleep for which it can not acquire a free page. Because other processes are also
|
||
affected this way, the system slows down and quickly becomes totally unusable
|
||
(also known as “thrashing”). Because more and more processes wait for memory
|
||
returned by other exiting processes the system eventually enters a deadlock
|
||
situation and effectively halts.</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>I had the pleasure and pain to find all three behaviours on the
|
||
platforms I use regularly.</p>
|
||
<p>The file <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/schweikh3.info">schweikh3.info</a> has output for
|
||
Solaris, FreeBSD and Linux. The Linux case is interesting in that
|
||
the behaviour changes when <code>calloc(3)</code> is used instead of <code>malloc(3)</code>.
|
||
For FreeBSD, the last two lines are not messages stemming from
|
||
my program but issued by the syslog daemon.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="implementation-remarks">Implementation remarks</h3>
|
||
<p>How can we distinguish the three different OS types from the
|
||
table above?</p>
|
||
<p>Obviously, type (1), no overcommit, is easy.</p>
|
||
<p>For type (2), random kill, we need to fork a child that can be killed
|
||
and whose exit status the parent collects and decodes. Here’s
|
||
where POSIX enters the scene.</p>
|
||
<p>Type (3), thrashing, was the hardest part. The first attempt was to
|
||
measure the elapsed processor time it takes to write a single byte
|
||
(using <code>clock()</code>). If a certain threshold is reached I assume the
|
||
system is thrashing. When thrashing, however, the process does not
|
||
consume processor time in a noticeable amount any longer and I lose.
|
||
So I switched to measuring wall clock time using <code>time(3)</code>. On the one
|
||
system that I observe thrashing (Linux) this works (although the
|
||
value returned by <code>time(3)</code> seems to ‘hang’ sometimes when the OS thrashes.
|
||
Exceeding a threshold of 5 seconds may be detected only after half a
|
||
minute or so.</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
<!-- AFTER: last line of markdown file: 1996/schweikh3/README.md -->
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content generated by: bin/output-index-inventory.sh -->
|
||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-1996schweikh3">Inventory for 1996/schweikh3</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/schweikh3.c">schweikh3.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/schweikh3.orig.c">schweikh3.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/schweikh3.info">schweikh3.info</a> - example output from various systems</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="1996_schweikh3.tar.bz2">1996_schweikh3.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/schweikh3/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
|
||
</h4>
|
||
|
||
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|
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|
||
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||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- END: this line ends content from: inc/after-content.default.html -->
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/footer.inventory.html -->
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll:
|
||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer"
|
||
style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/cc.png"
|
||
alt="cc inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/by.png"
|
||
alt="person inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/sa.png"
|
||
alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
||
<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
||
of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1996%2Fschweikh3%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
|
||
<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
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</p>
|
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