The navigation bar for a winning entry now has a "_Original C_" link
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height=110>
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</a>
|
||
<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
|
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<h2>1998/banks - Best of Show</h2>
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<h3>A flight simulator!</h3>
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</div>
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<div class="navbar">
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<a class="Left" href="../../1996/westley/index.html">← 1996/westley</a>
|
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<a class="Left" href="../index.html">↑ 1998 ↑</a>
|
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<a class="Left" href="../bas1/index.html">1998/bas1 →</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/banks.c">C code</a>
|
||
<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/Makefile">Makefile</a>
|
||
<a class="Right" href="#inventory">Inventory</a>
|
||
<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/banks.orig.c">Original C</a>
|
||
<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1998%2Fbanks%2Findex.html">✓</a>
|
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</div>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Carl_Banks">Carl Banks</a><br>
|
||
Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
|
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</ul>
|
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||
<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 1998/banks/README.md -->
|
||
<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> make all</code></pre>
|
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<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: this entry requires the <code>X11/Xlib.h</code> header file and the X11 library to
|
||
compile. For more information see the
|
||
FAQ on “<a href="../../faq.html#X11">X11</a>”.</p>
|
||
<p>If you do not have a page up or page down key you might wish to see the
|
||
<a href="#alternate-code">Alternate code</a> section below. You may redefine all the keys
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and the time step with predefined macros, however, so one lacking page up / page
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down does not strictly need the alternate code; it jut gives those controls a
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default value. The author provided the following table:</p>
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<pre><code> Control Description Default Key
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------- ------------------------- -----------
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IT Increase throttle XK_Page_Up
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DT Decrease throttle XK_Page_Down
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FD Move stick forward XK_Up
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BK Move stick back XK_Down
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LT Move stick left XK_Left
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RT Move stick right XK_Right
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CS Center stick XK_Enter</code></pre>
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<p>There is another macro, <code>dt</code>, which is the time step. See some important points
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on this in the author’s comments in the <a href="#alternate-build-instructions">Alternate Build
|
||
Instructions</a> section.</p>
|
||
<p>If however you wish to change the above controls, see the header file
|
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<a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/keysym.h">keysym.h</a> for the definitions of other characters that you might wish
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to use. The name of the macro in the header file is what you need to set the
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macros to, depending on what controls you wish to redefine. For instance, to set
|
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the throttle up and down to <code>u</code> and <code>d</code>:</p>
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<pre><code> make clobber IT=XK_u DT=XK_d all</code></pre>
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||
<p>because in the header file you can see that <code>XK_u</code> corresponds to <code>u</code> and <code>XK_d</code>
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corresponds to <code>d</code>:</p>
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<pre><code> #define XK_d 0x0064 /* U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D */
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#define XK_u 0x0075 /* U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U */</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Note that the <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/keysym.h">keysym.h</a> file is not complete from X11; it’s just the
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||
more likely candidates (and some that are probably unlikely :-) ).</p>
|
||
<p>The upper case letters would be <code>XK_U</code> and <code>XK_D</code> and you can search the header
|
||
file for ‘LATIN CAPITAL D’, for example.</p>
|
||
<p>For those who do not have a Page Up or Page Down key, see <a href="#alternate-code">alternate
|
||
code</a> below. The difference from the alt build and the original
|
||
entry is that the page up and page down keys are defined to a default but they
|
||
are hard coded as doing otherwise would necessarily complicate the build
|
||
instructions. Since you can use the original entry to redefine these this is not
|
||
a problem and is purely a convenience .. if only for those who are okay with the
|
||
preselected alternative keys.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> cat horizon.sc pittsburgh.sc | ./banks</code></pre>
|
||
<p>See the author’s remarks in <a href="#scenery">scenery</a> for more details on the scenery
|
||
files.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
|
||
<p>For a fun time after running the above command, hold down the up arrow and left
|
||
arrow for about 10 seconds and see what happens. Or, if you wish to really use
|
||
it in a non-silly way, see the author’s remarks for the real controls. Perhaps
|
||
you can regain control?</p>
|
||
<h2 id="alternate-code">Alternate code:</h2>
|
||
<p>If you do not have access to a page up or page down key, for instance you’re
|
||
using a Mac, you can use the alternate code (though it actually uses the same code)
|
||
that will redefine the keys to increase throttle and decrease throttle. This
|
||
same method can be used with the original code but this sets up predefined keys
|
||
in place of Page Up and Page Down.</p>
|
||
<p>The keys were somewhat arbitrarily selected but it was decided to make them both
|
||
on the left side of a QWERTY keyboard as one might have a harder time using the
|
||
arrows at the same time as typing on the right side.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-build">Alternate build:</h3>
|
||
<p>As the Makefile allows you to configure the keys to use you may redefine the
|
||
keys but with the alt build you cannot, as described earlier, redefine the page
|
||
up and page down replacement keys. The other controls you may redefine; this is
|
||
just a convenience build. If you want to redefine the page up / page down keys
|
||
you should use the original entry as described in the to build section above.</p>
|
||
<p>In the alt build it is <code>f</code> (for page up) and <code>d</code> (for page down) as these are
|
||
letters on the left side of the keyboard which is easier to use if one is using
|
||
the right side for movement. These are hard coded, as noted.</p>
|
||
<p>To use the default settings for the alternate build:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> make alt</code></pre>
|
||
<p>You may change the other keys as described in the build instructions, above, but
|
||
this alternate code can be seen as an alternative for those who don’t have or don’t
|
||
want to use page up and page down.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-use">Alternate use:</h3>
|
||
<p>Use <code>banks.alt</code> as you would <code>banks</code> but use the different keys as
|
||
configured at compilation.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>What can we say? It’s a flight sim done in 1536 bytes of real code.
|
||
This one is a real marvel. When people say the size limits are too
|
||
tight, well, we can just point them at this one. This program really
|
||
pushes the envelope!</p>
|
||
<p>The provided Makefile should work; you will need an X-ish system, and
|
||
a <code>select(2)</code> system call. More on building in the author remarks.</p>
|
||
<p>Carl Banks linked to (on his old website) an interesting article about this
|
||
entry, a flight simulator in just 1536 bytes, which can be found at
|
||
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040201120708/http://www.idg.co.nz/magazine/pcworld/oct99/code.htm" class="uri">https://web.archive.org/web/20040201120708/http://www.idg.co.nz/magazine/pcworld/oct99/code.htm</a>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>You have just stepped out of the real world and into the
|
||
virtual. You are now sitting in the cockpit of a Piper Cherokee
|
||
airplane, heading north, flying 1000 feet above ground level.</p>
|
||
<p>Use the keyboard to fly the airplane. The arrow keys represent
|
||
the control stick. Press the Up Arrow key to push the stick
|
||
forward. Press the left arrow key to move the stick left, and
|
||
so on. Press Enter to re-center the stick. Use Page Up and Page
|
||
Down to increase and decrease the throttle, respectively. (The
|
||
rudder is automatically coordinated with the turn rate, so
|
||
rudder pedals are not represented.)</p>
|
||
<p>On your display, you will see on the bottom left corner three
|
||
instruments. The first is the airspeed indicator; it tells you
|
||
how fast you’re going in knots. The second is the heading
|
||
indicator, or compass. 0 is north, 90 is east, 180 is south,
|
||
270 is west. The third instrument is the altimeter, which
|
||
measures your height above ground level in feet.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="features">Features</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>Simulator models a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_PA-28_Cherokee">Piper
|
||
Cherokee</a>, which is a light,
|
||
single-engine propeller driven airplane.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>The airplane is modeled as a six degree-of-freedom rigid body, accurately
|
||
reflecting its dynamics (for normal flight conditions, at least).</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Fly through a virtual 3D world, while sitting at your X console.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Loadable scenery files.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Head-up display contains three instruments: a true airspeed indicator, a
|
||
heading indicator (compass), and an altimeter.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Flight controls may be mapped to any keys at compile time by redefining the
|
||
macros in the Makefile. Nice if your keyboard doesn’t have arrow keys. (Or
|
||
if you still use vi. :-)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Time step size can be set at compile time. This is useful to reduce flicker
|
||
on network X connections. (But be careful: step sizes longer than about 0.03
|
||
seconds tend to have numerical stability problems.)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Airplane never stalls!</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Airplane never runs out of fuel!</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Fly underground!</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Fly through buildings!</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="scenery">Scenery</h3>
|
||
<p>Each of the <code>*.sc</code> files is a scenery file. The simulator
|
||
program reads in the scenery from standard input on startup.
|
||
You may input more than one scenery file, as long as there are
|
||
less than 1000 total lines of input.</p>
|
||
<p>Here is a brief description of the scenery files:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/horizon.sc">horizon.sc</a></p>
|
||
<p>A horizon, nothing more. You will probably always want to input this piece
|
||
of scenery.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/mountains.sc">mountains.sc</a></p>
|
||
<p>An alternate horizon; a little more mountainous.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/pittsburgh.sc">pittsburgh.sc</a></p>
|
||
<p>Scenery of downtown Pittsburgh. The downtown area is initially located
|
||
to your right.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/bb.sc">bb.sc</a></p>
|
||
<p>Simple obstacle course. Try to fly over the buildings and under the
|
||
bridges.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/pyramids.sc">pyramids.sc</a></p>
|
||
<p>Fly over the tombs of the ancient Pharaohs, in this (fictitious) Egyptian
|
||
landscape.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/river.sc">river.sc</a></p>
|
||
<p>Follow a flowing river from the sky.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>A few examples of how to input scenery:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat horizon.sc pittsburgh.sc | ./banks
|
||
cat mountains.sc bb.sc | ./banks
|
||
cat mountains.sc river.sc pyramids.sc | ./banks</code></pre>
|
||
<p>You can simulate flying through a cloud bank as well:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./banks < /dev/null</code></pre>
|
||
<p>You will usually want at least a horizon, though.</p>
|
||
<p>The format of scenery files is simple, by the way. They’re just
|
||
a list of 3D coordinates, and the simulator simply draws line
|
||
segments from point to point as listed in the scenery file. <code>0 0 0</code> is used to end a series of consecutive line segments. Note
|
||
that in the coordinate system used, <em>the third coordinate
|
||
represents <strong>altitude</strong> in a negative sense: negative numbers are
|
||
positive altitudes</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>I’m sure you’ll be making your own scenery files very soon!!!</p>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-build-instructions">Alternate Build Instructions</h3>
|
||
<p>Several options must be passed to the compiler to make the build
|
||
work. The provided <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/Makefile">Makefile</a> has the appropriate options set
|
||
to default values. Use this section if you want to compile with
|
||
different options.</p>
|
||
<p>To map a key to a control, you must pass an option to the
|
||
compiler in the format <code>-Dcontrol=key</code> or if you use the Makefile you can do
|
||
<code>make control=key</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>The possible controls you can map are described in the table below:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> Control Description Default Key
|
||
------- ------------------------- -----------
|
||
IT Increase throttle XK_Page_Up
|
||
DT Decrease throttle XK_Page_Down
|
||
FD Move stick forward XK_Up
|
||
BK Move stick back XK_Down
|
||
LT Move stick left XK_Left
|
||
RT Move stick right XK_Right
|
||
CS Center stick XK_Enter</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Values for the possible keys can be found in the X Windows
|
||
header file <code><X11/keysym.h></code>. This file is most likely a
|
||
cross-reference to another header, <code><X11/keysymdef.h></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>For example, to map Center Stick to the space-bar, the compile
|
||
option would be <code>-DCS=XK_space</code> or <code>make CS=XK_space</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>To set the time step size, you must pass the following option to
|
||
the compiler: <code>-Ddt=duration</code>, where <code>dt</code> is literal, and where
|
||
<code>duration</code> is the time in seconds you want the time step to be. Alternatively,
|
||
if you use the provided Makefile, you may just do <code>make dt=time</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Two things to keep in mind when selecting a time step. Time
|
||
steps that are too large (more than about <code>0.03</code>) will cause
|
||
numerical stability problems and should be avoided. Setting the
|
||
time step to be smaller than your clock resolution will slow
|
||
down the simulator, because the system pauses for more time than
|
||
the simulator expects.</p>
|
||
<p>The best advice is to set time step size to your system timer
|
||
resolution. Try a longer period if you’re getting too much
|
||
flicker.</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
<!-- AFTER: last line of markdown file: 1998/banks/README.md -->
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content generated by: bin/output-index-inventory.sh -->
|
||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-1998banks">Inventory for 1998/banks</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/banks.c">banks.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/banks.orig.c">banks.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/keysym.h">keysym.h</a> - header file to help identify some key symbols</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/bb.sc">bb.sc</a> - scenery file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/horizon.sc">horizon.sc</a> - scenery file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/mountains.sc">mountains.sc</a> - scenery file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/pittsburgh.sc">pittsburgh.sc</a> - scenery file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/pyramids.sc">pyramids.sc</a> - scenery file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/river.sc">river.sc</a> - scenery file</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="1998_banks.tar.bz2">1998_banks.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/banks/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
|
||
</h4>
|
||
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||
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|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- END: this line ends content from: inc/after-content.default.html -->
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/footer.inventory.html -->
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll:
|
||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer"
|
||
style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/cc.png"
|
||
alt="cc inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/by.png"
|
||
alt="person inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/sa.png"
|
||
alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
||
<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
||
of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1998%2Fbanks%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
|
||
<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
|
||
</p>
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