The navigation bar for a winning entry now has a "_Original C_" link
(between the ✅ and the Inventory on the right hand side) so that one
may easily view the original C code that was submitted for IOCCC judging.
Ran `make www timestamp` to perform the above.
694 lines
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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>2001/coupard - Most obfuscated sound</h2>
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<h3>Outputs current time as a sound file</h3>
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</div>
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<a class="Left" href="../cheong/index.html">← 2001/cheong</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/coupard.c">C code</a>
|
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|
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/coupard.orig.c">Original C</a>
|
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<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2001%2Fcoupard%2Findex.html">✓</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Pierre-Philippe_Coupard">Pierre-Philippe Coupard</a><br>
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 2001/coupard/README.md -->
|
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
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||
<pre><code> make</code></pre>
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<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
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||
<pre><code> ./coupard</code></pre>
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<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: the author notes that you might want to convert the sound formats. For
|
||
this you can use <code>SoX</code>. If you do not have this installed then see the
|
||
FAQ on “<a href="../../faq.html#sox">using entries that require sound</a>”
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for help.</p>
|
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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||
<pre><code> ./try.sh</code></pre>
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<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
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<p>You may need to run this a few times to understand exactly what is
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being said. You might even need to look somewhere on your desktop,
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your arm or the wall for confirmation.</p>
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<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
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<p>Past years’ IOCCC entries do many marvellous things in small packages,
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such as console utilities, games, math, languages or even X
|
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applications. But they all have one thing in common (despite being hard
|
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to read obviously): when they interact with the user, they only
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<em>display</em> things, i.e. they display either text or drawings.</p>
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<p>So, for a change, this program titillates the sense of hearing instead
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||
of sight: this program is a self-contained speech synthesizer that
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tells the current time through the computer’s sound card - in just under
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2 Kb of source code !</p>
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<p>In the 2001 IOCCC <a href="../rules.txt">rules</a> and
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||
<a href="../guidelines.txt">guidelines</a> documents, there is no mention of
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what is or isn’t acceptable regarding audio I/O, but it is mentioned
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that hardware-specific and/or non-portable programs are not welcome. So,
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||
in order to do audio and satisfy those requirements, the format required
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by <code>/dev/audio</code> has been chosen: <code>/dev/audio</code> is a rather ancient
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fixed-format audio interface that is supported by the majority of Unices
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that can do sound, as a lowest-denominator sound I/O interface.</p>
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||
<h3 id="program-usage">Program usage</h3>
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||
<p>To listen to what the program says directly, invoke</p>
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<pre><code> ./coupard > /dev/audio</code></pre>
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||
<p>The program then speaks out something like</p>
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||
<pre><code> The time is HH hours MM minutes SS seconds</code></pre>
|
||
<p>in military time (24 hours). Of course, you need to have permissions
|
||
to write to <code>/dev/audio</code>, have your sound card enabled, the volume up,
|
||
the speakers connected … :-)</p>
|
||
<p>If you want to convert the audio output of the program into another audio
|
||
format, you can pipe it to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoX">SoX</a> for example
|
||
(<code>sox</code> is the Swiss army knife of Unix audio tools). The command:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./coupard | sox -c1 -r8000 -tub - -c2 -r44100 -twav test.wav</code></pre>
|
||
<p>converts the output of the program into a 44.1KHz stereo .WAV
|
||
file and saves it into <code>test.wav</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>The output format of the program is 8KHz, unsigned 8-bit samples.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: the program’s return code is meaningless.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="audio-quality">Audio quality</h3>
|
||
<p>The quality of the sound produced by the program is cross between a
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_can_telephone">yogurt-pot-and-string
|
||
telephone</a> and a bad
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph">gramophone</a>, i.e. the S/N ratio is
|
||
very low and the signal’s top frequency is very low as well. This is because
|
||
the audio is stored internally at a sampling rate of 4KHz (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency">Nyquist
|
||
frequency</a> is only 2KHz) with
|
||
only 4-bit samples (adding 24db of quantization noise to an already poor
|
||
signal).</p>
|
||
<p>In short, you might have to listen twice to understand what the
|
||
program is saying. 2048 bytes including the sound generation program
|
||
doesn’t leave much room for audio quality ;-)</p>
|
||
<h3 id="speech-generation">Speech generation</h3>
|
||
<p>Only 9 phonemes are used to generate the speech. Beside the limited
|
||
number of words the program has to generate (66 words), the low sound
|
||
quality is actually exploited to take liberties with certain
|
||
consonants (for example, <code>s</code> and <code>f</code> sound very much the same at 4KHz,
|
||
so they can be merged into one phoneme). Because the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustic</a>
|
||
context around those phonemes is just sufficient, the words can be
|
||
interpreted correctly most of the time despite the fact that they are
|
||
pronounced quite wrongly.</p>
|
||
<p>Internally, a table is used to generate most of the words, and
|
||
composite words such as “thirty-five” are made up by the C code
|
||
externally.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="data-compression">Data compression</h3>
|
||
<p>Even at 4KHz / 4 bits, the weight of all the phoneme samples and the
|
||
word-to-phonemes table put together is over 1600 bytes, which is well
|
||
over 2048 bytes when encoded in a C string made of printable
|
||
characters. Therefore, a compression method was needed that’s both
|
||
efficient and with a decompressor that is implementable in the
|
||
shortest amount of code possible. GSM compression is very good, but
|
||
needs large psychoacoustic tables to regenerate the original
|
||
signal. Raw FFT spectral compression is efficient too, but the
|
||
decompression code can’t be made small enough.</p>
|
||
<p>The best compression compromise was found using a simple Huffman
|
||
compressor, and encoding the compressed data by blocks of 13 bits in
|
||
pairs of printable ASCII characters: the raw data is compressed to
|
||
8465 bits, and the resulting C string is therefore about 1300
|
||
characters, which leaves just enough room for the decompressor with a
|
||
hard-coded Huffman tree, and the code that plays the phonemes in the
|
||
right order.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="note-on-compiler-warnings-and-lint">Note on compiler warnings and lint</h3>
|
||
<p>The program should build with <code>gcc -Wall -Werror -ansi</code>. If the <code>-pedantic</code>
|
||
flag is used, gcc will complain about the length of the data string and the sign
|
||
of its type, and also the fact that <code>main()</code> returns with no value. The
|
||
confusion with the sign of the char type doesn’t matter with the data string
|
||
because it’s composed only of printable characters under 127.</p>
|
||
<p>When linting the program with <code>lclint</code>, it complains about a huge list
|
||
of things that, if corrected to make lint happy, would probably double
|
||
the size of the source code.</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
<!-- AFTER: last line of markdown file: 2001/coupard/README.md -->
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content generated by: bin/output-index-inventory.sh -->
|
||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-2001coupard">Inventory for 2001/coupard</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/coupard.c">coupard.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/coupard.orig.c">coupard.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="2001_coupard.tar.bz2">2001_coupard.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2001/coupard/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
|
||
</h4>
|
||
|
||
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||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- END: this line ends content from: inc/after-content.default.html -->
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/footer.inventory.html -->
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll:
|
||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer"
|
||
style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/cc.png"
|
||
alt="cc inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/by.png"
|
||
alt="person inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/sa.png"
|
||
alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
||
<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
||
of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2001%2Fcoupard%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
|
||
<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
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||
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|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|
||
|
||
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|