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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
|
||
<h2>2006/toledo2 - Best of Show</h2>
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<h3>An 8080 emulator</h3>
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</div>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/toledo2.c">C code</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/toledo2.orig.c">Original C</a>
|
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<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2006%2Ftoledo2%2Findex.html">✓</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Oscar_Toledo">Oscar Toledo G.</a><br>
|
||
Location: <a href="../../location.html#MX">MX</a> - <em>United Mexican States</em> (<em>Mexico</em>)</li>
|
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 2006/toledo2/README.md -->
|
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> make</code></pre>
|
||
<p>There is <a href="#alternate-code">alternate code</a> that is based on the author’s notes
|
||
for DOS/Windows. This cannot be tested by us, not even to compile, but it appears
|
||
that it should be fine, after the proper header files were added.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
|
||
<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p><strong>STATUS: INABIAF - please DO NOT fix</strong></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#2006_toledo2">2006/toledo2 in bugs.html</a>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> ./toledo2</code></pre>
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||
<p>To end execution press <code>ctrl-z</code>. As mentioned in the author’s remarks and in the
|
||
below section, it is supposed to crash on termination though some noted this
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does not seem to happen in macOS or linux in 2023.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> ./toledo2</code></pre>
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||
<p>and then type in the following:</p>
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<pre><code> 10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD!"
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LIST
|
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RUN</code></pre>
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||
<p>To end the program hit ctrl-z.</p>
|
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<h2 id="alternate-code">Alternate code:</h2>
|
||
<p>This version, as noted above, should work for DOS/Windows. It uses non-standard
|
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functions in place of <code>read(2)</code> and <code>write(2)</code>, and is based on the author’s
|
||
remarks.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-build">Alternate build:</h3>
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||
<pre><code> make alt</code></pre>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-use">Alternate use:</h3>
|
||
<p>The author noted that for PC/DOS you will have to add <code>ANSI.SYS</code> to your
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<code>CONFIG.SYS</code> but this is also something we can’t test.</p>
|
||
<p>Use <code>toledeo2.alt</code> as you would <code>toledo2</code> above.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>We’re impressed! Last year, it was a
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502">6502</a> emulator; this year,
|
||
it’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080">8080</a>! It requires an input file
|
||
(<code>C</code>) to be present, but it does not have to be one of <code>C.BASIC</code> or <code>C.BIOS</code> -
|
||
you’re welcome to write a standalone 8080 program yourself! How about <code>C.FORTH</code>
|
||
or <code>C.LISP</code>?</p>
|
||
<p>In addition to the functionality you could expect from a program
|
||
of this size, it allows importing files from the host file
|
||
system (one by one, so you’ll have to be patient).</p>
|
||
<p>Remember the good old days and play (or let your kids play)
|
||
<a href="https://rickadams.org/adventure/">Adventure</a> (in the directory <code>ADVENTUR</code>);
|
||
walking in a maze of twisty little passages all alike is easier than
|
||
understanding the code!</p>
|
||
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: The <code>KAYPROII.ZIP</code> file originally came from
|
||
<a href="http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/os/KAYPROII.ZIP">http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/os/KAYPROII.ZIP</a>.
|
||
For your convenience, we have included <code>KAYPROII.ZIP</code> in this entry.
|
||
Both the <code>make all</code> and the <code>make alt</code> unzip that file, and the <code>make clobber</code>
|
||
removes those files extracted from the <code>KAYPROII.ZIP</code>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>This program emulates a complete <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080">Intel(r)
|
||
8080</a> processor, along with a teletype
|
||
and a disk controller, just like at the start of the personal computers
|
||
revolution (circa 1975).</p>
|
||
<p>It needs an initial memory image to do something usable, so along with it you
|
||
will find two files: <a href="C.BASIC">C.BASIC</a> and <a href="C.BIOS">C.BIOS</a>. Rename
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/C.BASIC">C.BASIC</a> to <code>C</code> (NOTE from the judges: running <code>make</code> will do this for
|
||
you), run the emulator, and et voila! you have the public domain Palo Alto <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_BASIC">Tiny
|
||
BASIC</a> (by Li-Chen Wang), published in
|
||
the very first volume of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal">Dr. Dobb’s
|
||
Journal</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Type using uppercase letters. Here are three example programs. Press Enter after
|
||
each line:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> 10 PRINT "Hello, world!"
|
||
LIST
|
||
RUN
|
||
|
||
10 FOR A=1 TO 10
|
||
20 PRINT A
|
||
30 NEXT A
|
||
LIST
|
||
RUN
|
||
|
||
10 INPUT A
|
||
20 INPUT B
|
||
30 PRINT A+B
|
||
LIST
|
||
RUN</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Press Ctrl+Z to quit. By the way, the segmentation fault is
|
||
normal at this point.</p>
|
||
<p>All good programmers started learning
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC">BASIC</a>, now, what about a
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M">CP/M</a> emulator?</p>
|
||
<p>Copy <code>CPM64.COM</code> to files named <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (these
|
||
will be the disk drives). Now rename the provided <code>C.BIOS</code> to <code>C</code> and
|
||
run the emulator.</p>
|
||
<p>Now you have a running <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M">CP/M</a> system!, with
|
||
two files on A: drive, <code>HALT.COM</code> to stop the emulator (so it closes drives) and
|
||
<code>IMPORT.COM</code> to introduce new files. The two files are created automatically
|
||
by the provided C.BIOS.</p>
|
||
<p>To get a complete <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M">CP/M</a> system, you will need the following files
|
||
from the <code>SOURCE</code> directory:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>ASM.COM</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>DDT.COM</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>DUMP.COM</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>ED.COM</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>LOAD.COM</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>PIP.COM</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>STAT.COM</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>SUBMIT.COM</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>XSUB.COM</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>To import them, you must run the emulator with an argument, by
|
||
example:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./toledo2 DDT.COM</code></pre>
|
||
<p>When the <code>></code> prompt appears, do:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> IMPORT DDT.COM</code></pre>
|
||
<p>When it ends, do <code>HALT</code>, so the file is closed, and you can start
|
||
the same process with another file.</p>
|
||
<p>At this time I have tested successfully the following software
|
||
from <a href="http://www.retroarchive.org" class="uri">http://www.retroarchive.org</a>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/lang/c80v30.zip" class="uri">http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/lang/c80v30.zip</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/lang/Mbasic.com" class="uri">http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/lang/Mbasic.com</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/business/MULTPLAN.ZIP" class="uri">http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/business/MULTPLAN.ZIP</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Some programs require installation to configure the terminal,
|
||
locate ANSI or VT-100.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="what-is-an-8080">What is an 8080?</h3>
|
||
<p>It is simply the little brother of the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80">Z80</a>; it has no extended
|
||
registers (<code>AF'</code>, <code>BC'</code>, <code>DE'</code>, <code>HL'</code>, <code>IX</code> or <code>IY</code>), no relative jumps,
|
||
and no instruction beginning with <code>CB</code>, <code>DD</code>, <code>ED</code> or <code>FD</code> exists.</p>
|
||
<p>The flags are only <code>S</code> (Sign, bit 7), <code>Z</code> (Zero, bit 6), <code>P</code> (Parity,
|
||
bit 2) and <code>C</code> (Carry, bit 0).</p>
|
||
<h3 id="porting-it">Porting it</h3>
|
||
<p>It is easy if your platform has <code>getch()</code>/<code>kbhit()</code> and
|
||
ANSI terminal:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>read</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>Z=kbhit()?getch():0</code></li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>write</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>putchar(7[o])</code></li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>system</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>nothing</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Notice that you’ll have to do <code>#include <conio.h></code> as well.</p>
|
||
<p>Also add the following to trap Ctrl-C:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> #include <signal.h>
|
||
signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);</code></pre>
|
||
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: this is what the <a href="#alternate-code">alternate code</a> is for!</p>
|
||
<p><strong>NOTE from the Judges</strong>: in Unix like systems <code>getch()</code> is part of curses but this
|
||
is not what is needed.</p>
|
||
<p>On PC/DOS you need to add <code>ANSI.SYS</code> to <code>CONFIG.SYS</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>In Unix the min 0 on <code>stty</code> is required but circa 2001
|
||
it was not required.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="notice-to-those-who-wish-for-a-greater-challenge">NOTICE to those who wish for a greater challenge:</h3>
|
||
<p><strong>If you want a greater challenge, don’t read any further</strong>:
|
||
just try to understand the program via the source.</p>
|
||
<p>If you get stuck, come back and read below for additional hints and information.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="how-this-entry-works">How this entry works:</h3>
|
||
<p>The <code>l</code> array contains the 64K memory; it is initialized with a boot image
|
||
loaded from the <code>C</code> file. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_counter">program
|
||
counter</a> is the <code>c</code> pointer and
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register">registers</a> are in <code>o[]</code>. The
|
||
main loop reads every <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode">opcode</a> and
|
||
separates them in one of three common forms. A lot of ternary operators selects
|
||
the instruction.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>o[0]</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>B register</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>o[1]</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>C register</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>o[2]</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>D register</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>o[3]</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>E register</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>o[4]</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>H register</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>o[5]</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>L register</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>o[6]</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Flags</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>o[7]</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>A or accumulator</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The following instructions do peripheral operation:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>76</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Quits emulator</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>DB 00</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Reads key pressed status</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>DB 01</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Reads key</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>DB 02</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Reads byte from file (Carry=EOF)</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>D3 xx</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Writes byte from acc. to console</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>ED ED 02</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Reads sector</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>ED ED 03</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Writes sector</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Memory addresses:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>FBFA</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Low source/target direction</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>FBFB</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>High source/target direction</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>FBFC</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Sector</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>FBFD</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Low cylinder</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>FBFE</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>High cylinder</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><code>FBFF</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Drive.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The BIOS is tailor made for this emulator, and helps to simplify it.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="other-notes">Other notes</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The 8080 runs at your computer speed divided
|
||
between a number that I have not calculated.</li>
|
||
<li>This obfuscated processor is created using
|
||
obfuscated code produced by an obfuscated mind;
|
||
no brains were harmed during its production,
|
||
except those that tried to read the code.</li>
|
||
<li>The original version of this code was eaten
|
||
by my C++ dog.</li>
|
||
<li>I intended to make it simple to understand;
|
||
it uses only four C keywords.</li>
|
||
<li>Also I discovered that braces are very useful
|
||
for commenting.</li>
|
||
<li>Why bother with prototypes? Every good C
|
||
programmer can develop their C programs using
|
||
only one function.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
<!-- AFTER: last line of markdown file: 2006/toledo2/README.md -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- END: this line ends content for HTML phase 21 by: bin/pandoc-wrapper.sh via bin/md2html.sh -->
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content for HTML phase 22 by: bin/output-index-inventory.sh via bin/md2html.sh -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content generated by: bin/output-index-inventory.sh -->
|
||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-2006toledo2">Inventory for 2006/toledo2</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/toledo2.c">toledo2.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/toledo2.alt.c">toledo2.alt.c</a> - alternate source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/toledo2.orig.c">toledo2.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="KAYPROII.ZIP">KAYPROII.ZIP</a> - zip file of CPM related files</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="2006_toledo2.tar.bz2">2006_toledo2.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="A">A</a> - binary support file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="B">B</a> - binary support file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="C.BASIC">C.BASIC</a> - compiled BASIC file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="C.BIOS">C.BIOS</a> - required Basic Input/Output System</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2006/toledo2/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
|
||
</h4>
|
||
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||
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|
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||
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|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- END: this line ends content from: inc/after-content.default.html -->
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/footer.inventory.html -->
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll:
|
||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer"
|
||
style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/cc.png"
|
||
alt="cc inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/by.png"
|
||
alt="person inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/sa.png"
|
||
alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
||
<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
||
of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2006%2Ftoledo2%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
|
||
<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
|
||
</p>
|
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</div>
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|
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