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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>2018/burton1 - Best one liner</h2>
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<h3>Hex dumper</h3>
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<a class="Left" href="../bellard/index.html">← 2018/bellard</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../burton2/index.html">2018/burton2 →</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/prog.c">C code</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
|
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Dave_Burton">Dave Burton</a><br>
|
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 2018/burton1/README.md -->
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> make</code></pre>
|
||
<p>There is an alternate version of this entry. See <a href="#alternate-code">Alternate
|
||
code</a> below.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> ./prog < any-file</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> ./try.sh</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="alternate-code">Alternate code:</h2>
|
||
<p>An alternate version of this entry, <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/prog.alt.c">prog.alt.c</a>, is provided
|
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This alternate code was supposed to compile without warnings, however
|
||
with modern compilers this is no longer the case so it will only cleanly compile
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with <code>-Wno-</code> options.</p>
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<h3 id="alternate-build">Alternate build:</h3>
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<pre><code> make alt</code></pre>
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<h3 id="alternate-use">Alternate use:</h3>
|
||
<p>Use <code>prog.alt</code> as you would <code>prog</code>.</p>
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||
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>One line, one array, one loop and one statement but it prints many bytes. It won.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>Feed this anything on <code>stdin</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>The included <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/scripthd.sh">scripthd.sh</a> may be used as a driver program for this entry.
|
||
It adds several nice-to-have features, and allows salt-to-taste customizability.</p>
|
||
<p>This code has been compiled and tested on:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>OSX-10.11, gcc 4.2.1 and clang 3.0, -O0 and -O3</li>
|
||
<li>X86-Linux, gcc 4.1.2 and 4.8.4, -O0 and -O3</li>
|
||
<li>ARM-QEMU, gcc 4.8.4, -O0 and -O3</li>
|
||
<li>X86-FreeBSD 10.3, clang 3.4.1, -O0 and -O3</li>
|
||
<li>TCC 0.9.26 (x86-64), used as a proxy for <a href="../../2001/bellard/index.html">2001/bellard</a></li>
|
||
<li>UNIX V7 pcc (Johnson’s C compiler) on a <a href="http://simh.trailing-edge.com/">simulated PDP-11/45</a>
|
||
(see the “<strong>SPOILER</strong> section below for further detail)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="notice-to-those-who-wish-for-a-greater-challenge">NOTICE to those who wish for a greater challenge:</h3>
|
||
<p><strong>If you want a greater challenge, don’t read any further</strong>:
|
||
just try to understand the program via the source.</p>
|
||
<p>If you get stuck, come back and read below for additional hints and information.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="how-this-entry-works">How this entry works:</h3>
|
||
<p>This started life as a personal challenge: write the shortest hex dump utility
|
||
in C.</p>
|
||
<p>The self-imposed ground rules in the hunt for shortest:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The code has to output correctly.</li>
|
||
<li>No extraneous newlines, the code must be portable,
|
||
and without bypassing the solution using <code>execve(2)</code>, or functions built upon it
|
||
(<code>system(3)</code>, <code>popen(3)</code>, etc).</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>E.g:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> main(){system("hd");} // it's turtles all the way down!</code></pre>
|
||
<p>is not acceptable.</p>
|
||
<p>And, “output correctly” is the output format of this entry. QED.</p>
|
||
<p>Early attempts ended up at a reasonably short 157 characters.
|
||
This was too long for a one-liner, so it had to be formatted as something more interesting.
|
||
This solution is pleasing, but a true one-liner was the hoped-for goal.
|
||
Here is the 157 character version in it’s entirety:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> char O,o[ 20];L(O){
|
||
putchar ( O+ 48+39 *(9<
|
||
O));} I(O) {L(~ 15);
|
||
O|| puts(o);} main (l){
|
||
for(;~(l=getchar()) ;I(O
|
||
&=15 ))o[ O++ ]=4<
|
||
(4^l >>5) ?l: 46,L
|
||
(l>> 4),L (l&15);O&&
|
||
I(o[ O]=0 );}//157c</code></pre>
|
||
<p>While thinking about this in the shower (you are not the only one that does this!)
|
||
came the idea which reduced the code to just 119 chars.
|
||
This dramatic reduction started to feel close to minimal, and the hunt resumed.
|
||
The progression to the present size is interesting,
|
||
and it is interesting that the same algorithm can be expressed so differently
|
||
by slight rearrangement of its parts.</p>
|
||
<pre><code> // 119
|
||
char O,o[20];main(l){for(;~(l=getchar());O||puts(o))o[O++]=isprint(l)?l:46,O&=15,printf("%02x ",l);O[o]=0;O&&puts(o);}
|
||
// 116
|
||
char O,o[20];main(l){for(;O++[o]=~(l=getchar())?4<(4^l>>5)?l:46:0;(O&=15)||puts(o))printf("%02x ",l);O>1&&puts(o);}
|
||
// 115
|
||
char O,o[20];main(l){for(;O[o]=~(l=getchar())?4<(4^l>>5)?l:46:0;(O=-~O&15)||puts(o))printf("%02x ",l);O&&puts(o);}
|
||
// 113
|
||
char O,o[20];main(l){for(;~l;(O=~l?printf("%02x ",l),-~O&15:!O)||puts(o))O[o]=~(l=getchar())?4<(4^l>>5)?l:46:0;}
|
||
// 112
|
||
char O,o[20];main(l){for(;~l;(O=~l?-~O&printf("%02x ",l)*5:!O)||puts(o))O[o]=~(l=getchar())?4<(4^l>>5)?l:46:0;}
|
||
// 111
|
||
char O,o[20];main(l){for(;~l;O||puts(o))O=(O[o]=~(l=getchar())?4<(4^l>>5)?l:46:0)?-~O&printf("%02x ",l)*5:!O;}
|
||
// 110
|
||
char O,o[0];main(l){for(;~l;O||puts(o))O=(O[o]=~(l=getchar())?4<(4^l>>5)?l:46:0)?-~O&printf("%02x ",l)*5:!O;}
|
||
// 109
|
||
char O,o[];main(l){for(;~l;O||puts(o))O=(O[o]=~(l=getchar())?4<(4^l>>5)?l:46:0)?-~O&printf("%02x ",l)*5:!O;}</code></pre>
|
||
<p>There are solutions without the ASCII sidebar that are significantly shorter.
|
||
These do not compete in the same category, since their output is materially different.
|
||
They are derived from the solutions above, but are still fascinating as concise utilities,
|
||
so here is their progression, for the curious:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> // 102
|
||
I;O(O){putchar(O+48+39*(9<O));}main(l){for(;~(l=getchar());O(++I&15?~15:~37))O(l>>4),O(l&15);O(-38);}
|
||
// 80
|
||
O;main(l){while(~(l=getchar()))printf("%02x%c",l,++O&15?32:10);O&15&&puts("");}
|
||
// 78
|
||
O;main(l){for(;~l;(O=~(l=getchar())?printf("%02x ",l),-~O&15:!O)||puts(""));}
|
||
// 77
|
||
O;main(l){for(;~l;(O=~(l=getchar())?-~O&printf("%02x ",l)*5:!O)||puts(""));}
|
||
// 76
|
||
O;main(l){for(;~l;O||puts(&O))O=~(l=getchar())?-~O&printf("%02x ",l)*5:!O;}</code></pre>
|
||
<p>It is possible to reduce the size of each of these by one by eliding the trailing newline.
|
||
This was not reported above since the newline kept getting appended by processing software,
|
||
and it is more interesting to remove characters by changing code than by filtering:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> $ tr -d '\012' < 109.c | wc -c
|
||
108
|
||
$ tr -d '\012' < 76.c | wc -c
|
||
75
|
||
$ tr -d '\012' < 109.c | cc -o 108 -xc -
|
||
$ verify 108
|
||
$</code></pre>
|
||
<p>An obfuscated hex dump has been done before:
|
||
<a href="../../1986/bright/index.html">1986/bright</a> is similar in function,
|
||
but it uses more characters in just setting up its obfuscation than this entire
|
||
solution!</p>
|
||
<h3 id="bigger-spoiler">BIGGER SPOILER:</h3>
|
||
<p>If you are unhappy with the way DEL (character 127) is handled,
|
||
replace the cryptic expression <code>4<(4^l>>5)?l:46</code> with <code>32>l|l>126?46:l</code>.
|
||
Both take the same number of characters, but the former is a bit more interesting.
|
||
Bonus question: how does the first expression work?</p>
|
||
<h3 id="biggest-spoiler-and-some-history">BIGGEST SPOILER (and some history):</h3>
|
||
<p>Technically, <code>char o[0];</code> is illegal (SS 6.7.6.2) according to ISO (N1570). And
|
||
<code>char o[];</code> is a conditionally supported feature (SS 6.7.6.2, 6.10.8.3).
|
||
However, it works in modern C implementations as an extension, including GCC,
|
||
Clang and TCC, for X86 and ARM, on multiple operating systems (Linux, OSX/macOS,
|
||
FreeBSD), so it is <em>functionally</em> correct. MicroSoft Visual C++ does not allow
|
||
<code>char o[]</code> or <code>char o[0]</code>, and implements its close relative <code>char o[1]</code> such
|
||
that writing more than a single char will cause a fault, which is <em>technically</em>
|
||
correct.</p>
|
||
<p>But how does this work at all, even as an extension? <code>o[]</code> allocates one(!)
|
||
byte in a zero-filled data area (formerly
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss">.bss</a> language). The UNIX-derived systems this code
|
||
was run upon all place the storage of <code>O</code> and <code>o</code> into a zero-filled VM page
|
||
with nothing following: thus, there are plenty of available and unused zero
|
||
bytes following <code>O</code>, addressed via <code>o</code>, and this code only needs 17. This is
|
||
<em>undefined</em> behavior, but as shown, it is widely available.</p>
|
||
<p>The <a href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl">1979 Seventh Edition UNIX</a> (v7) system pre-dates the IOCCC by several years,
|
||
and the source code to <code>sh</code>(1) was a <strong>significant inspiration for this contest</strong>.
|
||
See the
|
||
FAQ on “<a href="../../faq.html#ioccc_start">IOCCC beginnings</a>”.
|
||
There are two C compilers present: <code>cc</code> written by Dennis Ritchie, and <code>pcc</code> written by Steven Johnson.
|
||
The nested conditional expressions in 116 and smaller are too complex for <code>cc</code> (“Illegal conditional”)
|
||
but <code>pcc</code> handles them correctly, and neither compiler accepts <code>char o[]</code> or
|
||
<code>char o[0]</code> and neither put the bytes in a zero-filled page (as a paged VM was
|
||
not yet written for UNIX).</p>
|
||
<p>More significant is that v7 <code>printf(3)</code> does not report the number of characters
|
||
written, and therefore 111 compiles but does not work correctly; 113 is the
|
||
shortest code that compiles and runs correctly in Ancient UNIX.</p>
|
||
<p>Interesting digression: v7 <code>printf</code> (<code>_doprnt</code>) was written in PDP-11 assembly.
|
||
It pre-dates <code>varargs.h</code>, and assembly was the only way to gain access to the
|
||
variable argument types. The first edition <em>The C Programming Language</em>, 1978,
|
||
page 71, remarks:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>By the way, there is no entirely satisfactory way to write a portable function
|
||
that accepts a variable number of arguments, because there is no portable way
|
||
for the called function to determine how many arguments where actually passed to
|
||
it in a given call. … <code>printf</code>, the most common C function with a variable
|
||
number of arguments, … is also non-portable and must be modified for different
|
||
environments.</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>It is fascinating to explore the roots of C through the history of the operating
|
||
system it was birthed within. C is often criticized as a difficult, inscrutable
|
||
language, but as this contest demonstrates, this is in parody. <em>Shell-gol</em> is
|
||
one of those instances where someone <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521074522/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/a-z_programming_languages_bourne_shell_sh/?pp=4">preferred a different language</a>, and
|
||
(ab)used the preprocessor to re-mold C into something they found comfortable.
|
||
Most of the rest of the system, especially in the kernel, are models of clarity
|
||
and efficient expression.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="tldr">TL;DR:</h3>
|
||
<p>So which version is the shortest, portable hex dump?</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>109 works with (most?) modern Unix-like systems and compilers, see example list above.</li>
|
||
<li>111 works adds Microsoft, is standards-approved, and does not exploit undefined behavior.</li>
|
||
<li>113 works on Ancient UNIX and the portable C compiler.</li>
|
||
<li>119 works on all platforms, including the original Ritchie PDP-11 C compiler.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="final-remarks">Final remarks:</h3>
|
||
<p>Clearly, the smallest possible program violates modern best practice.
|
||
It is not even possible to compile cleanly, but it will compile correctly.</p>
|
||
<p>Included is <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/prog.alt.c">prog.alt.c</a>, a modern C implementation that is –
|
||
perhaps – the smallest, clean-compiling version using <code>clang</code> or <code>gcc</code> with
|
||
<code>-Wall -pedantic</code>. Note that while this is larger than all but the original
|
||
attempt, it will <em>not</em> work with the original Ritchie PDP-11 C compiler, since
|
||
the expression within the ternary remains too complex.</p>
|
||
<p>Try:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat prog.c prog.alt.c</code></pre>
|
||
<p>or</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cmp -b prog.c prog.alt.c</code></pre>
|
||
<p>to compare the differences (<code>diff</code> is not helpful on a one-liner).</p>
|
||
<!--
|
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|
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|
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You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
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|
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|
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<h1 id="inventory-for-2018burton1">Inventory for 2018/burton1</h1>
|
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</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/prog.c">prog.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/prog.alt.c">prog.alt.c</a> - alternate source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/prog.orig.c">prog.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/scripthd.sh">scripthd.sh</a> - driver program - adds several nice-to-have features</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
|
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</ul>
|
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<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
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<ul>
|
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<li><a href="2018_burton1.tar.bz2">2018_burton1.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2018/burton1/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
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<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
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<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll:
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rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
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This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
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You should <b>carefully review</b> the
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<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
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<p>
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<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2018%2Fburton1%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
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