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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
<h2>1998/schnitzi - Best flow control</h2>
<h3>Prints a C program that sorts arguments using strange functions</h3>
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<a class="Left" href="../fanf/index.html">&larr; 1998/fanf</a>
<a class="Left" href="../index.html">&uarr; 1998 &uarr;</a>
<a class="Left" href="../schweikh1/index.html">1998/schweikh1 &rarr;</a>
<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1998/schnitzi/schnitzi.c">C code</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Mark_Schnitzius">Mark Schnitzius</a><br>
Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
<pre><code> make all</code></pre>
<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>STATUS: INABIAF - please DO NOT fix</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#1998_schnitzi">1998/schnitzi in bugs.html</a>.</p>
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
<pre><code> ./schnitzi n &gt; sort.c
make sort
./sort
# enter three numbers, space
# separated
# then try:
echo x y z | ./sort</code></pre>
<p>where <code>n</code> and <code>x</code>, <code>y</code> and <code>z</code> are numbers.</p>
<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
<pre><code> ./try.sh</code></pre>
<p>What happens if at the command line you don’t specify <code>n</code> numbers that the
program expects? For instance try:</p>
<pre><code> ./schnitzi 5 &gt; sort.c
make sort
# now try running the next
# command four or five times:
echo 2 5 3 1 | ./sort</code></pre>
<p>Why does this happen?</p>
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
<p>This is a beautiful program. How can a program with no conditional (except for
the fixes for modern systems although there are still no <code>if</code>s) behavior at all
have output which depends on anything?</p>
<p>For hints on deciphering this, see below past the Author’s remarks;
they’re a nice summary, but they leave the mystery intact.</p>
<p><strong>BTW</strong>: the author notes an incredible
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogram">lipogram</a> story called
<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/47342/pg47342.txt">Gadsby</a> which has no
letter <code>E</code> in the story. He did not note this but it has over <code>50000</code> (50
thousand) (!!) words without the letter <code>E</code> which is one of the most common
letters!</p>
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
<p>In literary circles, there is a poetic form called a
“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogram">lipogram</a>”, which is a poem in which a
specific letter has been distinctly avoided. This principle can be applied in
other ways. For instance, in this paragraph, the vowel which immediately
follows <code>t</code> in the alphabet is nowhere to be seen. There is even an entire
novel (E. V. Wright’s
“<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/47342/pg47342.txt">Gadsby</a>”) in which no
word contains the letter <code>e</code>.</p>
<p>The IOCCC has been no stranger to this concept. Several winning entries from
years past have accomplished interesting feats while completely avoiding the use
of certain C constructs thought to be essential (e.g.,
<a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1988/robison/robison.c">1988/robison.c</a> file). If you have to ask
why they would do it this way, then this contest just isn’t for you.</p>
<p>In continuing with this fine tradition, this program suggests to the ANSI
committee some new practical simplifications for the C language. For instance,
it appears that CONDITIONAL BRANCHING isn’t really necessary. So, we can do
away with <code>while</code>, <code>do...while</code>, <code>for</code>, <code>if</code>/<code>else</code>, <code>switch</code>, <code>?:</code>, or anything
else that might cause any kind of non-deterministic jump in the code. There’s
too much uncertainty in the world anyway.</p>
<p>Function parameters and return types just confuse people anyway, so
get rid of them. Same with local variables. In fact, all you really
need are assignment statements, and maybe one <code>printf(3)</code> and one <code>goto</code>.</p>
<p>This style of programming is also ideal for systems with limited
memory capacity, since the function call stack never goes beyond
a depth of one.</p>
<p>So what does it do? Give it an integer <code>(1 &lt; n &lt; 27)</code> on the command
line, such as</p>
<pre><code> ./schnitzi 5</code></pre>
<p>The output will itself be a lipographic program, one which expects input of
(in this case) five numbers and prints them out sorted. It sorts
them, however, using only <code>if/else</code> statements, without arrays or
looping. To see the resulting program run, redirect the output from
<code>schnitzi</code> into another file, like this</p>
<pre><code> ./schnitzi 4 &gt; sort.c</code></pre>
<p>and then compile it.</p>
<h3 id="notice-to-those-who-wish-for-a-greater-challenge">NOTICE to those who wish for a greater challenge:</h3>
<p><strong>If you want a greater challenge, don’t read any further</strong>:
just try to understand the program via the source.</p>
<p>If you get stuck, come back and read below for additional hints and information.</p>
<h3 id="obfuscation-hints">Obfuscation hints:</h3>
<p>The big key to this program is figuring out what the names of the
functions ought to be; a bit of research may allow you to guess at
a few crucial ones.</p>
<p>The only function ever called is <code>O</code>, but <code>O</code> is just set to point to
other functions all the time. Or, almost all the time.</p>
<p>So how does <code>h</code> get set, and what to?</p>
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