Created `quick-start.md` to hold the FAQ 0.0 content. Used `sgit(1)` to change: * faq.html#enter ==> quick-start.html#enter * faq.html#enter_questions ==> quick-start.html#enter_questions * faq.html#step_0 ==> quick-start.html#step_0 * faq.html#step_1 ==> quick-start.html#step_1 * faq.html#step_2 ==> quick-start.html#step_2 * faq.html#register ==> quick-start.html#register * faq.html#step_3 ==> quick-start.html#step_3 * faq.html#step_4 ==> quick-start.html#step_4 * faq.html#step_5 ==> quick-start.html#step_5 * faq.html#step_6 ==> quick-start.html#step_6 * faq.html#step_7 ==> quick-start.html#step_7 * faq.html#step_submit ==> quick-start.html#step_submit Via: ```sh sgit -e 's/faq\.html#enter/quick-start.html#enter/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#enter_questions/quick-start.html#enter_questions/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_0/quick-start.html#step_0/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_1/quick-start.html#step_1/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_2/quick-start.html#step_2/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#register/quick-start.html#register/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_3/quick-start.html#step_3/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_4/quick-start.html#step_4/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_5/quick-start.html#step_5/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_6/quick-start.html#step_6/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_7/quick-start.html#step_7/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_submit/quick-start.html#step_submit/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' ``` The former FAQ 0.0 section in `faq.html` now just refers to `quick-start.html`. Modified menu and non-JS menu so that "Enter the IOCCC" refers to `quick-start.html`. Changed `bin/gen-top-html.sh` VERSION from "1.4.10 2024-11-23" to "1.4.11 2025-01-09". Performed `make www` on macOS to complete the above.
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Winning entries
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Fixing entries
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Updating author info
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Status
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News
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Contest status
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Rules and guidelines
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Markdown guidelines
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Security policy
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<div class="mobile-menu-wrapper">
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FAQ
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<a class="mobile-submenu-item" href="../../faq.html">
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Frequently Asked Questions
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</a>
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<a class="mobile-submenu-item" href="../../quick-start.html#enter">
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Enter the IOCCC
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</a>
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Compiling entries
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Running entries
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<a class="mobile-submenu-item" href="../../faq.html#help">
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How to help
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<div class="mobile-menu-wrapper">
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<div class="mobile-menu-item">
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About
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About the IOCCC
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The Judges
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Contact us
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mobileMenuPanel.classList.add("hide-content");
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mobileMenuPanel.classList.remove("topbar-mobile-panel");
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headerOpenMenuButton.classList.add("topbar-mobile-menu");
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</script>
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<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/header.default.html -->
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<div class="header">
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<a href="../../2011/zucker/index.html">
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<img src="../../png/ioccc.png"
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alt="IOCCC image by Matt Zucker"
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width=300
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height=110>
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</a>
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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>1996/august - Best of Show</h2>
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<h3>Subset of C compiler and byte code interpreter</h3>
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</div>
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<!-- END: this line ends content from: inc/header.default.html -->
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<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/navbar.mid.html -->
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<div class="navbar">
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<a class="Left" href="../../1995/vanschnitz/index.html">← 1995/vanschnitz</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../index.html">↑ 1996 ↑</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../dalbec/index.html">1996/dalbec →</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/august.c">C code</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/Makefile">Makefile</a>
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<a class="Right" href="#inventory">Inventory</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1996%2Faugust%2Findex.html">✓</a>
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</div>
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<div class="content" id="content">
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Lennart_Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a><br>
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#SE">SE</a> - <em>Kingdom of Sweden</em> (<em>Sweden</em>)</li>
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</ul>
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 1996/august/README.md -->
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
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<pre><code> make all</code></pre>
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<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
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<pre><code> cat august.c test.oc | ./august > test.oo
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./august < test.oo</code></pre>
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<p>The above should print a <code>!</code> followed by a newline.</p>
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./try.sh</code></pre>
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<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
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<p>This entry can feed on itself. If you C pre-process the source,
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you can compile the interpreter:</p>
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<pre><code> make august.oc</code></pre>
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<p>We can now compile the interpreter as follows:</p>
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<pre><code> cat august.c august.oc | ./august > august.oo</code></pre>
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<p>and use the compiled interpreter to execute some previously
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compiled code:</p>
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<pre><code> cat august.oo test.oo | ./august</code></pre>
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<p>And we can have the compiled interpreter interpret itself which
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in turn compiles the test program:</p>
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||
<pre><code> cat august.oo august.oo fac.oo | ./august</code></pre>
|
||
<p>And if you have lots of spare time, you can recurse one level deeper:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat august.oo august.oo august.oo fac.oo | ./august</code></pre>
|
||
<p>We (the judges) recommend that you spend some time studying this
|
||
entry as it surely will make the ‘best of the IOCCC’ list. It was
|
||
very well received by those who attended the <a href="../../faq.html#ioccc_bof">IOCCC BOF</a>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>This program is a bytecode interpreter. This fact is not
|
||
particularly obfuscated; any experienced C programmer can see that
|
||
in about a minute.</p>
|
||
<p>The interpreter reads the bytecode from the standard input. What
|
||
remains of the standard input after this is left as standard input for
|
||
the interpreted program.</p>
|
||
<p>Having an interpreter but no code isn’t any fun. But within a comment
|
||
in the beginning of the interpreter is a sequence of bytes that is
|
||
code that the interpreter understands. It is in fact the code for a
|
||
compiler that compiles from OC (Obfuscated C, a subset of C) into the
|
||
byte code that the interpreter understands.</p>
|
||
<p>The language the compiler understands is a subset of C (the grammar
|
||
is below) with the functions <code>getchar(3)</code> and <code>putchar(3)</code>
|
||
available. The subset has the types <code>int</code>, <code>char</code>, and pointers to
|
||
those (it has function pointers too, but not with the proper
|
||
syntax). Arrays can only be global. There is a rather limited set
|
||
of operators, and control constructs.</p>
|
||
<p>The compiler has absolutely no error checking, so things
|
||
can go wrong. But this is what seasoned C programmers are used to.</p>
|
||
<p>Assume that the interpreter has been compiled (source in <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/august.c">august.c</a>
|
||
and binary in august) and that we have this in a file named <code>test.oc</code>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> main() { putchar('!'); putchar('\n'); exit(0); }</code></pre>
|
||
<p>We can then compile by</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat august.c test.oc | ./august > test.oo</code></pre>
|
||
<p>And run the compiled program by</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./august < test.oo</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Or even simpler:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat august.c test.oc | ./august | ./august</code></pre>
|
||
<p>A larger example is included <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/fac.oc">fac.oc</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The compiler for OC is naturally written in OC (where did you think the byte
|
||
code came from?). It is in the file <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/parse.oc">parse.oc</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Hmm… So now we have an interpreter written in OC and a compiler for OC, can
|
||
we compile the interpreter? Yes, we can! The OC compiler does not have a
|
||
preprocessor (hey, what do you expect from a program that is this small), so we
|
||
need to use an external one. To pre-process <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/august.c">august.c</a> use the
|
||
command from the Makefile, but add the <code>-E</code> flag and change 60000 to 40000,
|
||
i.e.:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cc -E -DZ=40000 .... august.c > august.oc</code></pre>
|
||
<p>If <code>august.oc</code> contain some junk line starting with a <code>#</code> (most likely
|
||
it does) then remove it like:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> sed -i'' '/^#/d' august.oc</code></pre>
|
||
<p>OK, we can now compile the interpreter:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat august.c august.oc | ./august > august.oo</code></pre>
|
||
<p>And we can run it:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat august.oo test.oo | ./august</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Here we have the interpreter interpreting another interpreter that runs
|
||
the program. Did you think that was too fast? Just throw in another
|
||
level of interpretation:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat august.oo august.oo test.oo | ./august</code></pre>
|
||
<p>And another…</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat august.oo august.oo august.oo test.oo | ./august</code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<p>Fitting the byte code for the compiler into the initial comment
|
||
was a challenge. I had to strip the compiler/interpreter of
|
||
a lot of functionality to bring down their sizes. The initial
|
||
version had a full set of binary operators as well as prefix <code>&</code>.
|
||
Given a handful more bytes it would be easy to put them back.</p>
|
||
<p>Anyway, the bytecode from the compiler is first optimized in
|
||
an external optimizer (not supplied here); this brings down the
|
||
size of it by about 30%. The remaining code is then LZ-compressed
|
||
(roughly) with a sliding window of 255 bytes. The most common
|
||
occurring bytes are then encoded using <code>" \n\t;{}"</code> to avoid having
|
||
them counted as significant. About 200 bytes of the interpreter
|
||
handles the unpacking of the byte code (this is a lot, but it pays
|
||
off).</p>
|
||
<p>Despite all this work I still had to put a lot of code in the
|
||
compilation command. This disturbs me. It is possible to compress
|
||
the code further with a better entropy coder (e.g. an arithmetic
|
||
coder), but decompression then takes up too much code. Maybe this
|
||
would be a way to fit it all into the 1536 bytes, but I don’t have
|
||
time to try it.</p>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<p>Execution starts at <code>main()</code>. Nothing can be used before it is
|
||
defined. <code>getchar()</code> and <code>putchar()</code> are predefined functions.</p>
|
||
<p>Below is a description of the OC grammar.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="oc-grammar">OC grammar</h3>
|
||
<p>Terminals are in quotes, <code>()</code> is used for bracketing.</p>
|
||
<pre><code> program: decl*
|
||
|
||
decl: vardecl
|
||
fundecl
|
||
|
||
vardecl: type NAME ;
|
||
type NAME "[" INT "]" ;
|
||
|
||
fundecl: type NAME "(" args ")" "{" body "}"
|
||
|
||
args: /*empty*/
|
||
( arg "," )* arg
|
||
|
||
arg: type NAME
|
||
|
||
body: vardecl* stmt*
|
||
|
||
stmt: ifstmt
|
||
whilestmt
|
||
dowhilestmt
|
||
"return" expr ";"
|
||
expr ";"
|
||
"{" stmt* "}"
|
||
";"
|
||
|
||
ifstmt: "if" "(" expr ")" stmt
|
||
"if" "(" expr ")" stmt "else" stmt
|
||
|
||
whilestmt: "while" "(" expr ")" stmt
|
||
|
||
dowhilestmt:"do" stmt "while" "(" expr ")" ";"
|
||
|
||
expr: expr binop expr
|
||
unop expr
|
||
expr "[" expr "]"
|
||
"(" expr ")"
|
||
expr "(" exprs ")"
|
||
NAME
|
||
INT
|
||
CHAR
|
||
STRING
|
||
|
||
exprs: /*empty*/
|
||
(expr ",")* expr
|
||
|
||
binop: "+" | "-" | "*" | "/" | "%" |
|
||
"=" |
|
||
"<" | "==" | "!="
|
||
|
||
unop: "!" | "-" | "*"
|
||
|
||
type: "int" stars
|
||
"char" stars
|
||
|
||
stars: "*"*</code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<p>Well, that is enough ranting for now.</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
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||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
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|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
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|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-1996august">Inventory for 1996/august</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/august.c">august.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/august.orig.c">august.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/fac.oc">fac.oc</a> - oc source</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/parse.oc">parse.oc</a> - oc source</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/test.oc">test.oc</a> - oc source</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="1996_august.tar.bz2">1996_august.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1996/august/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
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</ul>
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||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
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<h4>
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Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
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<!--
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||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
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|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
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|
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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For more information, see:
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-->
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<div class="footer">
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||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll:
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||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
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<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
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target="_blank"
|
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rel="license noopener noreferrer"
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style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/cc.png"
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alt="cc inside circle symbol">
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/by.png"
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alt="person inside circle symbol">
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/sa.png"
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alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
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You should <b>carefully review</b> the
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<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
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target="_blank"
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rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
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before using the licensed material.<br>
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||
You may wish to review the
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<b><a href="../../license.html"
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target="_blank"
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||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
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of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
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</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1996%2Faugust%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
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<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
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