While not strictly necessary, replacing the two ASCII tab characters in the markdown copyright comment makes it easier to detect problematic TAB indentation within markdown files. After this commit, only 90 markdown files have leading ASCII TAB characters. And again, while not strictly necessary, we can consider running expand on those 90 markdown files to see what effect that might have on the HTML files they produce. Replace leading ASCII TAB characters with multiples of 8 ASCII SPACE characters (the default action of the `expand(1)` tool) might have an negative effect on some HTML formatting where **hack-a-round** formatting was attempted to fix broken indentation caused by problematic ASCII TAB characters. Think of this as a baseline for evaluating leading TAB characters within markdown files. TODO: Consider either using `expand(1)` to replace leading ASCII TAB characters with multiples of 8 ASCII SPACE characters AND/OR modifying the appropriate `bin` tool to convert leading ASCII TAB characters into multiples of 8 ASCII SPACE characters.
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alt="IOCCC image by Matt Zucker"
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width=300
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height=110>
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</a>
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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>2013/cable3 - Largest small system emulator</h2>
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</div>
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<div class="navbar">
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<a class="Left" href="../cable2/index.html">← cable2</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../index.html">↑ 2013 ↑</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../dlowe/index.html">dlowe →</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.c">C code</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/Makefile">Makefile</a>
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<a class="Right" href="#inventory">Inventory</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fioccc-src.github.io%2Ftemp-test-ioccc%2F2013%2Fcable3%2Findex.html">✓</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Adrian_Cable">Adrian Cable</a><br>
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
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</ul>
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 2013/cable3/README.md -->
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
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<pre><code> make</code></pre>
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<p>An alternate version that should compile in Windows/MS Visual Studio is
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available. See the <a href="#alternate-code">Alternate code</a> section below.</p>
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<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./cable3 bios-image-file floppy-image-file [harddisk-image-file]</code></pre>
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./cable3.sh</code></pre>
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<p>NOTE: to quit the program type <code>QUITEMU</code>. You might have to be at the top level
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directory of the drive, <code>A:</code> or <code>C:</code>.</p>
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||
<p>To send an <code>Alt+XXX</code> key combination, press (<code>^A</code> / <code>Ctrl+A</code>) then the key, so
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for example to type <code>Alt+F</code>, press (<code>^A</code> / <code>Ctrl+A</code>) then <code>F</code>.</p>
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<p>To send an <code>Fxx</code> key, press <code>^F</code> / <code>Ctrl+F</code> then a number key. For example, to
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||
get the <code>F4</code> key, press <code>^F</code> / <code>Ctrl+F</code> then <code>4</code>. To get <code>F10</code>, press <code>^F</code> /
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<code>Ctrl+F</code> then <code>0</code>.</p>
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<p>To send a <code>Page Down</code> key, press <code>^F</code> / <code>Ctrl+F</code> then <code>O</code> (letter O, not digit
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zero). To send a <code>Page Up</code> key, press <code>^F</code> / <code>Ctrl+F</code> then <code>E</code>. Other key
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combinations are left for the discovery of the user.</p>
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<h2 id="alternate-code">Alternate code:</h2>
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<p>An alternate version, which should compile in Windows, is provided.</p>
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<h3 id="alternate-build">Alternate build:</h3>
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<p>Assuming <code>make</code> is available and will function:</p>
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<pre><code> make alt</code></pre>
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<h3 id="alternate-use">Alternate use:</h3>
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<p>Use <code>cable3.alt</code> as you would <code>cable3</code> above.</p>
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<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
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<p>This entry weighs in at a magical 4043 bytes (8086 nibbles, 28,301
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bits). It manages to implement most of the hardware in a 1980’s era
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IBM-PC using a few hundred fewer bits than the total number of
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transistors used to implement the original 8086 CPU.</p>
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||
<p>If you are using macOS, the included <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/sc-ioccc.terminal">sc-ioccc.terminal</a>
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configuration file will correctly display console applications that use ANSI
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graphics.</p>
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<p>NOTE: the author remarked that in some systems one might need to <code>#include <unistd.h></code>. This has been done in the entry but not the alternate version. This
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should not affect the usability of the program but will trigger a warning which
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we have disabled in the Makefile.</p>
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<p>Update: This entry now has its own website:
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/adriancable/8086tiny" class="uri">https://github.com/adriancable/8086tiny</a></p>
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<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
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<h3 id="a-tiny-but-highly-functional-pc-emulatorvirtual-machine">A tiny but highly functional PC emulator/virtual machine</h3>
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<p>The author hereby presents, for the delectation (?) of the judges, a portable PC
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emulator/VM written specifically for the IOCCC which runs DOS, Windows 3.0,
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Excel, MS Flight Simulator, AutoCAD, Lotus 1-2-3 …</p>
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<p>In just 4043 bytes of C source, you get a complete mid-late 1980s-era
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IBM-compatible PC, consisting of:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Intel 8086/186 CPU</li>
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<li>1MB RAM</li>
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<li>8072A 3.5” floppy disk controller (1.44MB/720KB)</li>
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<li>Fixed disk controller (supports a single hard drive up to 528MB)</li>
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<li>Hercules graphics card with 720x348 2-color graphics (64KB video RAM), and
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter">CGA</a>
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80x25 16-color text mode support</li>
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<li>8253 programmable interval timer (PIT)</li>
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<li>8259 programmable interrupt controller (PIC)</li>
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<li>8042 keyboard controller with 83-key XT-style keyboard</li>
|
||
<li>MC146818 real-time clock</li>
|
||
<li>PC speaker</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The emulator uses the <a href="https://www.libsdl.org">SDL graphics library</a> for
|
||
portability, and compiles for Windows, macOS, Linux and probably most other
|
||
32-bit/64-bit systems too.</p>
|
||
<p>If you like living on the edge you can try building the emulator on a big endian
|
||
machine, and you will get an emulation of a big endian 8086, a rather bizarre
|
||
and somewhat useless beast. For everyone else, please run the emulator on a
|
||
little endian machine.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="rule-2-abuse-disclaimer">RULE 2 ABUSE DISCLAIMER</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.c">cable3.c</a> is 4043 bytes in length (half an 8086).</li>
|
||
<li><code>iocccsize -i < cable3.c</code> returns 1977 (the year the 4.77 MHz 8086 CPU was announced)</li>
|
||
<li>Therefore, any suspicions the judges may have regarding rule 2 non-compliance
|
||
might be well-intentioned but are groundless.</li>
|
||
<li>Nonetheless, the author would like to apologise to the judges for the
|
||
one-big-block-of-code nature of this entry, which turned out to be unavoidable.
|
||
Hopefully the joys of this entry will make up for its shortcomings.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="why-is-this-entry-obfuscatedinteresting">Why is this entry obfuscated/interesting?</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>First of all the 8086 is a nightmare processor to emulate. Instruction codings
|
||
are complex and irregular in size and structure, with multiple addressing modes
|
||
and no consistent memory placement for operands, very often multiple possible
|
||
encodings for the same instruction, and the bizarre segment:offset memory model.
|
||
In addition, the 8086 has a number of bugs (e.g. PUSH SP), undocumented
|
||
behaviours and instructions (e.g. AAM/AAD + imm8, SALC, flag behaviour for
|
||
MUL/DIV, etc. etc.), and archaic features (e.g. parity/auxiliary flags) which
|
||
all need to be emulated properly. Here we emulate every feature of the CPU
|
||
pretty exactly (in fact better than most commercial clones of the processor e.g.
|
||
the NEC V30), with the exception of the trap flag which no real software uses
|
||
except for debuggers (although support for the TF can be added if deemed
|
||
important, without exceeding the IOCCC size limit).</li>
|
||
<li>In addition to the CPU we also emulate all the standard PC peripheral
|
||
hardware. Parts of it are somewhat complete, much is rather dysfunctional (like
|
||
the 8253/8259) but enough to support most real software.</li>
|
||
<li>Nonetheless the source, while large for the IOCCC, is rather tiny for a
|
||
functional PC emulator - around 2% of the size of the source of other
|
||
open-source 8086 PC emulators with comparable functionality.</li>
|
||
<li>In fact, this entry is just like happy hour - at 4043 bytes long, you pay for
|
||
half the 8086, but you get served the whole one.</li>
|
||
<li>Getting the code down to <= 4096 characters to meet the IOCCC rule 2 overall
|
||
size limit required a good deal of effort (and appreciable risk of divorce),
|
||
with obfuscation being a pretty unavoidable consequence in most places … for
|
||
the rest, I use short circuit operators whenever possible, mix <code>x[y]</code> and <code>y[x]</code>,
|
||
don’t use any flow control keywords except for <code>for</code>, use K&R-style declarations
|
||
to honor the C language’s rich cultural heritage (plus it saves a byte), and
|
||
occasionally go overboard with nasty nested indexes to give things like this:
|
||
<code>--64[T=1[O=32[L=(X=*Y&7)&1,o=X/2&1,l]=0,t=(c=y)&7,a=c/8&7,Y]>>6,g=~-T?y:(n)y,d=BX=y,l]</code>.</li>
|
||
<li>This entry highlights the importance of comments in C.</li>
|
||
<li>This entry might result in an adjustment to the IOCCC size tool for the 2014
|
||
competition (see above).</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="compiling-on-different-platforms">Compiling on different platforms</h3>
|
||
<p>This entry has been tested on Windows (compiled with MS Visual Studio 2010 and
|
||
2013), Mac OS X (clang and gcc), and Linux (clang and gcc). The Makefile
|
||
supplied is good for Mac OS X, Linux and probably other Unices. I have received
|
||
reports that the emulator works on Raspberry Pi/Android/ARM (you will need to
|
||
compile with <code>-fsigned-char</code>) and iOS. You will need to adjust the
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/Makefile">Makefile</a> if your system lacks <code>sdl-config</code> to correctly point to the
|
||
SDL libraries and header files.</p>
|
||
<p>On UNIX-based systems we can get raw keystrokes using <code>stty</code>. However Windows
|
||
has no <code>stty</code>. Therefore the Makefile includes a <code>-D</code> option to define a
|
||
“keyboard driver” <code>KB</code> which as it stands is suitable for Unices, but maybe not
|
||
non-UNIX platforms. For example, for Windows/MS Visual Studio, instead of the
|
||
Makefile definition of KB, use something slightly different - add the following
|
||
entry to the Preprocessor Definitions list in the Project Properties page:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> KB=(kb=H(8),kbhit())&&(r[1190]=getch(),H(7))</code></pre>
|
||
<p>NOTE: this is done in the <a href="#alternate-code">Alternate code</a>.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="posix-portability-note">POSIX portability note</h3>
|
||
<p>The code as supplied uses implicit function declarations for POSIX file I/O and
|
||
in doing so assumes that file offsets are the same bit width as your
|
||
architecture. For some systems (e.g. 32-bit Mac OS X, which uses 64-bit file
|
||
offsets) this is not the case, and to run successfully on these systems, you
|
||
will need to explicitly declare these functions by adding the appropriate
|
||
include to the top of the source:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> #include <unistd.h></code></pre>
|
||
<p>NOTE: this has been done in <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.c">cable3.c</a>.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="usage">Usage</h3>
|
||
<pre><code> ./cable3 bios-image-file floppy-image-file [harddisk-image-file]</code></pre>
|
||
<p>PLEASE NOTE that under Unices the keyboard must be in raw mode for the emulator
|
||
to work properly. Therefore the emulator is best run from a shell script that
|
||
looks something like:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> stty cbreak raw -echo min 0
|
||
./cable3 bios floppy.img harddisk.img
|
||
stty cooked echo</code></pre>
|
||
<p>See the <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.sh">cable3.sh</a> script.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use-the-emulator---floppy-mode-only">To use the emulator - floppy mode only</h2>
|
||
<p>The simplest use of the emulator is with a single floppy boot disk image, like
|
||
the <code>fd.img</code> provided, which is a FreeDOS boot disk.</p>
|
||
<p>Before running the emulator on a Unix-type system, <code>stty</code> needs to be used to
|
||
put the keyboard into raw mode (and afterwards it needs to be put back to
|
||
cooked). So, run the emulator using something like this script (provided as
|
||
the <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.sh">cable3.sh</a> file):</p>
|
||
<pre><code> stty cbreak raw -echo min 0
|
||
./cable3 bios fd.img
|
||
stty cooked echo</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use-the-emulator---floppy-hd-mode">To use the emulator - floppy + HD mode</h2>
|
||
<p>Easiest to start with is to try a ready-made 40MB hard disk image containing a
|
||
whole bunch of software which is in the included file <code>hd.img</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>For the more adventurous, you can start off with (for example) a blank 40MB
|
||
image file called hd.img made using e.g. Makefile. Then use:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> stty cbreak raw -echo min 0
|
||
./cable3 bios fd.img hd.img
|
||
stty cooked echo</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Preparing the hard disk for use in the emulator is done just like a real PC.
|
||
Boot the emulator, and use <code>FDISK</code> to partition the hard disk. When it’s done
|
||
<code>FDISK</code> will reboot the emulator. Then you can use <code>FORMAT C:</code> and you are done. The
|
||
resulting disk image is in the right format to be mounted on a real Windows PC
|
||
using e.g. <code>OSFMount</code> (Windows), <code>hdiutil</code> (macOS), or <code>mount</code> (linux/unix), providing
|
||
an easy way to copy files and programs to and from the disk image. Or, you can
|
||
install programs from regular floppy disk images (see <a href="#floppy-disk-support">Floppy disk
|
||
support</a> below).</p>
|
||
<h3 id="keyboard-emulation">Keyboard emulation</h3>
|
||
<p>The emulator emulates an XT-style keyboard controlled by an Intel 8042 chip on
|
||
I/O port 0x60, generating IRQ1 and then interrupt 9 on each key press. This is
|
||
harder than it sounds because a real 8042 returns scan codes rather than the
|
||
ASCII characters which the C standard I/O functions return. Rather than make the
|
||
emulator less portable and use <code>ioctl(2)</code> or platform-dependent equivalents to obtain
|
||
real scan codes from the keyboard, the emulator BIOS does the reverse of a real
|
||
PC BIOS and converts ASCII characters to scan codes, simulating depress/release of
|
||
the modifier keys (e.g. shift) as necessary to work like a “real” keyboard. The
|
||
OS (DOS/Windows) then converts them back to ASCII characters and although this
|
||
process normally works seamlessly don’t be surprised if there are issues, for
|
||
example, with non-QWERTY e.g. international keyboards.</p>
|
||
<p>Most of the time you can just type normally, but there are special sequences to
|
||
get <code>Alt+xxx</code> and <code>Fxxx</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>To send an <code>Alt+XXX</code> key combination, press (<code>^A</code> / <code>Ctrl+A</code>) then the key, so
|
||
for example to type <code>Alt+F</code>, press (<code>^A</code> / <code>Ctrl+A</code>) then <code>F</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>To send an <code>Fxx</code> key, press <code>^F</code> / <code>Ctrl+F</code> then a number key. For example, to
|
||
get the <code>F4</code> key, press <code>^F</code> / <code>Ctrl+F</code> then <code>4</code>. To get <code>F10</code>, press <code>^F</code> /
|
||
<code>Ctrl+F</code> then <code>0</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>To send a <code>Page Down</code> key, press <code>^F</code> / <code>Ctrl+F</code> then <code>O</code> (letter O, not digit
|
||
zero). To send a <code>Page Up</code> key, press <code>^F</code> / <code>Ctrl+F</code> then <code>E</code>. Other key
|
||
combinations are left for the discovery of the user.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="text-mode-support">Text mode support</h3>
|
||
<p>The emulator supports both text output via the standard BIOS interrupt 0x10
|
||
interface, and also direct video memory access (one page, 4KB video RAM at
|
||
segment <code>B800</code>) in <code>80x25 CGA 16-color</code> text mode.</p>
|
||
<p>BIOS text output calls are converted to simple writes to <code>stdout</code>. Direct video
|
||
memory accesses for the <code>80x25 CGA color</code> text mode are converted to ANSI
|
||
terminal escape sequences. If you are using a terminal which does not support
|
||
ANSI (e.g. you are compiling the emulator with <code>MS VC++</code> and running in a
|
||
Windows console window) then PC applications that directly write to video memory
|
||
in text mode might be unusable.</p>
|
||
<p>Most <code>CGA I/O</code> ports are not supported except for the <code>CGA refresh</code> register at
|
||
<code>0x3DA</code>, which some applications use for timing or synchronisation.</p>
|
||
<p>The regular PC character code page (<code>437</code>) includes various extended ASCII
|
||
characters for things like line drawing. You might want to set the font in your
|
||
terminal program to something that includes these (e.g. on Mac OS X there is a
|
||
freeware font called <a href="https://www.dafont.com/perfect-dos-vga-437.font">Perfect DOS VGA
|
||
437</a> which does the trick).</p>
|
||
<p>Occasionally a DOS application on exit will leave the video hardware in an odd
|
||
state which confuses the emulator, resulting in subsequent text output being
|
||
invisible. If this happens, just use the DOS <code>CLS</code> command to clear the screen
|
||
and all will be well again.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="graphics-mode-support">Graphics mode support</h3>
|
||
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card">Hercules 720x348 monochrome graphics
|
||
mode</a> emulation is
|
||
implemented using SDL. Most Hercules features are supported via the normal I/O
|
||
interface on ports <code>0x3B8</code> and <code>0x3BA</code> including video memory bank switching
|
||
(segments <code>B000</code>/<code>B800</code>), which some games use for double-buffered graphics. CGA
|
||
graphics modes are not supported.</p>
|
||
<p>When an application enters graphics mode, the emulator will open an SDL window
|
||
(which will be closed when the application goes back to text mode). Including
|
||
code to redirect keystrokes from the SDL window to the main terminal window
|
||
would have busted the IOCCC size limits, so you need to keep the main emulator
|
||
terminal window in focus at all times even when you are doing graphics (sounds a
|
||
little odd but you will get used to it).</p>
|
||
<p>On Unices, SDL will automatically output graphics via X11 if the DISPLAY
|
||
environment variable is set up.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="dual-graphics-card-support">Dual graphics card support</h3>
|
||
<p>Some applications (e.g. AutoCAD) support a PC configuration with a CGA card and
|
||
a Hercules card, for simultaneous text and graphics output on different
|
||
displays. The emulator simulates this configuration, too, using separate windows
|
||
for the (terminal) text and (SDL) graphics displays.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="bios">BIOS</h3>
|
||
<p>Like a real PC, the emulator needs a BIOS to do anything useful. Here we use a
|
||
custom BIOS, written from scratch specifically for the emulator. Source code for
|
||
the BIOS (written in 8086 assembly language) which compiles with the
|
||
freely-available NASM x86 assembler is in <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/bios.asm">bios.asm</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The BIOS implements the standard interrupt interfaces for video, disk, timer,
|
||
clock and so on, much as a “real” PC BIOS does, and also a small
|
||
timer-controlled video driver to convert video memory formatting into ANSI
|
||
escape sequences when the emulator is in text mode.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="cpu-and-memory-emulation">CPU and memory emulation</h3>
|
||
<p>Memory map is largely as per a real PC, with interrupt vector table at <code>0:0</code>,
|
||
BIOS data area including keyboard buffer at <code>40:0</code>, CGA text video memory at
|
||
<code>B800:0</code>, Hercules dual-bank graphics memory at <code>B000</code>/<code>B800:0</code>, and BIOS at
|
||
<code>F000:100</code>. Unlike a real PC, in the emulator the CPU registers are
|
||
memory-mapped (at <code>F000:0</code>), which enables considerable optimisation of the
|
||
emulator’s instruction execution unit by permitting the unification of memory
|
||
and register operations, while remaining invisible to the running software.</p>
|
||
<p>The CPU supports the full 8086/186 instruction set. Due to the complexities of
|
||
the 8086’s arbitrary-length instruction decoding and flags, 8086 instructions
|
||
are first converted to a simpler intermediate format before being executed. This
|
||
conversion, along with instruction lengths and how each instruction modifies the
|
||
flags, is assisted by some lookup tables which form part of the BIOS binary.</p>
|
||
<p>The CPU also implements some “special” two-byte opcodes to help the emulator
|
||
talk with the outside world. These are:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>0F 00</code> - output character in register <code>AL</code> to terminal.</li>
|
||
<li><code>0F 01</code> - write real-time clock data (as returned by <code>localtime()</code>) to memory
|
||
location <code>ES:BX</code>.</li>
|
||
<li><code>0F 02</code> - read <code>AX</code> bytes from disk at offset <code>512*(16*SI+BP)</code> into memory
|
||
location <code>ES:BX</code>. Disk is specified in <code>DL</code> (<code>0</code> = hard disk, <code>1</code> = floppy
|
||
disk).</li>
|
||
<li><code>0F 03</code> - write <code>AX</code> bytes at memory location <code>ES:BX</code> to disk at offset
|
||
<code>512*(16*SI+BP)</code>. Disk is specified in <code>DL</code> as per <code>0F 02</code>.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Emulator exit is triggered if <code>CS:IP == 0:0</code> (which would be nonsensical in real
|
||
software since this is where the interrupt vector table lives). The supplied
|
||
<code>fd.img</code> disk includes a small program <code>QUITEMU.COM</code> which contains a single
|
||
<code>JMP 0:0</code> instruction, to allow the user to easily quit the emulator without
|
||
shutting down the terminal.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="floppy-disk-support">Floppy disk support</h3>
|
||
<p>Emulates a 3.5” high-density floppy drive. Can read, write and format 1.44MB
|
||
disks (18 sectors per track, 2 heads) and 720KB disks (9 sectors per track, 2
|
||
heads).</p>
|
||
<p>If you want to install your own software from floppy images (downloaded from
|
||
e.g., vetusware.com at one time), the easiest way to “change disks” is
|
||
to copy each disk image in turn over the floppy image file you specify on the
|
||
command line. Don’t forget to put your original boot disk back at the end!</p>
|
||
<h3 id="hard-disk-support">Hard disk support</h3>
|
||
<p>Supports up to 1023 cylinders, 63 sectors per track, 63 heads for disks up to
|
||
528MB.</p>
|
||
<p>Disk image format used is a subset of the standard “raw” format used by most
|
||
disk image mount tools. In general, disk images prepared by the emulator will
|
||
work with disk image tools and other emulators, but not the other way around.</p>
|
||
<p>The emulator uses a particularly dumb algorithm to derive a simulated
|
||
cylinder/sector/head geometry from the disk image file’s size. This algorithm
|
||
often results in not all the space in the image file being available for disk
|
||
partitions. For example, creating a 40,000,000 byte image file results in <code>DOS FDISK</code> seeing only 31.9MB as the volume size.</p>
|
||
<p>Note that unlike a real PC, the emulator cannot boot from a hard disk (image).
|
||
Therefore, you will always need to use a bootable floppy image, even if after
|
||
boot everything runs from the HD.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="mouse">Mouse</h3>
|
||
<p>No mouse is emulated.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="real-time-clock">Real-time clock</h3>
|
||
<p>Reading the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_clock">RTC</a> (both time and
|
||
date) is emulated via the standard BIOS clock interface, pulling the time/date
|
||
from the host computer. Setting the time or date is not supported.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="timers">Timers</h3>
|
||
<p>A countdown timer on I/O port <code>0x40</code> is simulated in a broken way which is good
|
||
enough for most software. On a real PC this has a default period of 55ms and is
|
||
programmable. No programmability is supported in the emulator and the period may
|
||
be about right or completely wrong depending on the actual speed of your
|
||
computer.</p>
|
||
<p>On a real PC, IRQ 0 and interrupt 8 are fired every 55ms. The emulator tries to
|
||
do the same but again, the delay period is not calibrated so you get what you
|
||
get.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="pc-speaker">PC speaker</h3>
|
||
<p>Beeps only, through the console.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="software-supported">Software supported</h3>
|
||
<p>The emulator will run practically any software a real PC (of the spec listed at
|
||
the top of this file) can. The author has tested a number of OSes/GUIs (MS-DOS
|
||
6.22, FreeDOS 0.82pl3, Windows 3.0, DESQview 2.8), professional software (Lotus
|
||
1-2-3 2.4 and AsEasyAs 5.7 for DOS, Excel 2.1 for Windows, AutoCAD 2.5, WordStar
|
||
4), programming languages (QBASIC, GWBASIC, Turbo C++), games (Carrier Command,
|
||
Police Quest, and a bunch of freeware Windows games), and diagnostic/benchmark
|
||
software (Manifest, Microsoft MSD, InfoSpot, CheckIt) and all of them run well.</p>
|
||
<p>Screenshots of some of these applications running (on Mac OS X) are provided for
|
||
the impatient:</p>
|
||
<p><img src="screenshot_autocad.png"
|
||
alt="screenshot image of autocad of St. Paul's Cathedral"
|
||
width=748 height=400></p>
|
||
<p><img src="screenshot_autocad.png"
|
||
alt="screenshot image from a Flight Simulator"
|
||
width=748 height=400></p>
|
||
<p><img src="screenshot_lotus123.png"
|
||
alt="screenshot image Lotus 123 color test"
|
||
width=748 height=400></p>
|
||
<p><img src="screenshot_qbasic.png"
|
||
alt="screenshot image of the welcome message from MS-DOS QBasic"
|
||
width=859 height=540></p>
|
||
<p><img src="screenshot_simcity.png"
|
||
alt="screenshot image from the Sim City game"
|
||
width=748 height=400></p>
|
||
<p><img src="screenshot_win3.png"
|
||
alt="screenshot image of Windows 3.00a under macOS"
|
||
width=748 height=400></p>
|
||
<h3 id="compiler-warnings">Compiler warnings</h3>
|
||
<p>A lot of compiler warnings are produced by clang. Missing type specifiers,
|
||
control reaching the end of functions without returning values, incompatible
|
||
pointer type assignments, and some precedence warnings, all necessary to keep
|
||
the source size down. Other compilers are likely to produce similar warnings.</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
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|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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-->
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<div id="inventory">
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||
<h1 id="inventory-for-2013cable3">Inventory for 2013/cable3</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.c">cable3.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.alt.c">cable3.alt.c</a> - alternate source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.orig.c">cable3.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/cable3.sh">cable3.sh</a> - script to run entry</li>
|
||
<li><a href="screenshot_autocad.png">screenshot_autocad.png</a> - screenshot of AUTOCAD running on macOS</li>
|
||
<li><a href="screenshot_flightsim4.png">screenshot_flightsim4.png</a> - screenshot of Flight Sim 4 running on macOS</li>
|
||
<li><a href="screenshot_lotus123.png">screenshot_lotus123.png</a> - screenshot of Lotus123 running on macOS</li>
|
||
<li><a href="screenshot_qbasic.png">screenshot_qbasic.png</a> - screenshot of QBasic running on macOS</li>
|
||
<li><a href="screenshot_simcity.png">screenshot_simcity.png</a> - screenshot of SimCity running on macOS</li>
|
||
<li><a href="screenshot_win3.png">screenshot_win3.png</a> - screenshot of Win3 running on macOS</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/sc-ioccc.terminal">sc-ioccc.terminal</a> - config for macOS to correctly display ANSI graphics apps</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/bios.asm">bios.asm</a> - BIOS source in assembly</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="2013_cable3.tar.bz2">2013_cable3.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="bios">bios</a> - custom BIOS</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="fd.img">fd.img</a> - FreeDOS boot disk</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="hd.img">hd.img</a> - disk image</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2013/cable3/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
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||
</h4>
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</div>
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Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
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You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
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|
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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For more information, see:
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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<div class="footer">
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<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll:
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<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
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target="_blank"
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rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
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<p>
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||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
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src="../../png/cc.png"
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/by.png"
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You should <b>carefully review</b> the
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before using the licensed material.<br>
|
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You may wish to review the
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of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
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</p>
|
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</div>
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|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fioccc-src.github.io%2Ftemp-test-ioccc%2F2013%2Fcable3%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
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<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
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