While not strictly necessary, replacing the two ASCII tab characters in the markdown copyright comment makes it easier to detect problematic TAB indentation within markdown files. After this commit, only 90 markdown files have leading ASCII TAB characters. And again, while not strictly necessary, we can consider running expand on those 90 markdown files to see what effect that might have on the HTML files they produce. Replace leading ASCII TAB characters with multiples of 8 ASCII SPACE characters (the default action of the `expand(1)` tool) might have an negative effect on some HTML formatting where **hack-a-round** formatting was attempted to fix broken indentation caused by problematic ASCII TAB characters. Think of this as a baseline for evaluating leading TAB characters within markdown files. TODO: Consider either using `expand(1)` to replace leading ASCII TAB characters with multiples of 8 ASCII SPACE characters AND/OR modifying the appropriate `bin` tool to convert leading ASCII TAB characters into multiples of 8 ASCII SPACE characters.
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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>2001/westley - Best position-independent code</h2>
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<a class="Left" href="../schweikh/index.html">← schweikh</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../williams/index.html">williams →</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/westley.c">C code</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fioccc-src.github.io%2Ftemp-test-ioccc%2F2001%2Fwestley%2Findex.html">✓</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Brian_Westley">Brian Westley</a><br>
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
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<pre><code> make</code></pre>
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<p>There are two additional programs based on the author’s remarks and the original
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version, provided as alternate code as it might be less portable. See <a href="#sorted-code">sorted
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code</a>, <a href="#punch-card-code">punch card code</a> and <a href="#alternate-code">alternate
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code</a> below.</p>
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<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
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<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
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<pre><code> STATUS: uses gets() - change to fgets() if possible
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STATUS: missing files - please provide them
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STATUS: main() has only one arg - try and make it have 2 or 3</code></pre>
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<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#2001_westley">2001/westley in bugs.html</a>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./westley 2>/dev/null
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# enter some input, terminate with EOF
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echo foo | ./westley 2>/dev/null
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./westley < westley.c 2>/dev/null</code></pre>
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./try.sh</code></pre>
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<h2 id="sorted-code">Sorted code:</h2>
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<p>The author stated that one can sort (ignoring leading blanks i.e. <code>sort -b</code>) the
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code by line and it will always sort the order of the input.</p>
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<p>This is generated and compiled by default; use <code>westley.sort</code> as you would
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<code>westley</code> above.</p>
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<h2 id="punch-card-code">Punch card code:</h2>
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<p>The author also stated that if you just sort the code (<code>sort westley.c</code>) you’ll
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get a version that just prints out the punch card. The <code>westley.punch.c</code>
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(generated by <code>make</code> via <code>sort westley.c</code>) code is specifically so that Westley
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can punch everyone in the face! :-) This is also compiled by default.</p>
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<h3 id="punch-card-try">Punch card try:</h3>
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<pre><code> echo 'Brian Westley does it again!' | ./westley.punch 2>/dev/null</code></pre>
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<h2 id="alternate-code">Alternate code:</h2>
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||
<p>An alternate version of this entry, <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/westley.alt.c">westley.alt.c</a>, is provided.
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This alternate code might be less portable.</p>
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<h3 id="alternate-build">Alternate build:</h3>
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<pre><code> make alt</code></pre>
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<h3 id="alternate-use">Alternate use:</h3>
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||
<p>Use <code>westley.alt</code> as you would <code>westley</code> above.</p>
|
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<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
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<p>Try copying the source to a new file and changing around the
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order of the lines. Does it produce the exact same output?</p>
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||
<p>By changing the order of the source, figure out in how many different
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||
ways this program can transform input to output.</p>
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||
<p>This assortment of obfuscated lines takes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-independent_code">position-independent
|
||
code</a> to a new level! :-)</p>
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||
<p>We find it amazing that with just 28 lines of code (not counting comments and
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blank lines) there are <code>28!</code> or <code>304,888,344,611,713,860,501,504,000,000</code>
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versions of the program, all valid C!</p>
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<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
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<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card">Punch cards</a>, or Hollerith cards,
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were becoming obsolete just as C was becoming more popular*; this is rather
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unfortunate, because C has an advantage over many other languages when it comes
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to punch cards - C programs can be written to be “drop proof”.</p>
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||
<p>Consider the following C program:</p>
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<pre><code> main(){a();b();c();}
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a(){printf("A");}
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b(){printf("B");}
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c(){printf("C");}</code></pre>
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<p>This program will compile and run no matter what order the
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lines are in. If you punch it on cards (one line of code per
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card, naturally) and drop them, you don’t need to put them in
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any particular order**; it will always produce <code>ABC</code> as output.</p>
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<p>You can also use global variables:</p>
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<pre><code> char *greet = "Hello, world!";
|
||
char *greet; main(){puts(greet);}</code></pre>
|
||
<p>It would be trivial to write an entire C program that is
|
||
“drop proof” using the above techniques; surprisingly, it’s
|
||
possible to write a program that will always compile but
|
||
behave differently depending on the line order:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> test(a,b){return a;}
|
||
#define test(a,b) test(b,a)
|
||
main(){if (test(0,1)) printf("T"); else printf("F");}</code></pre>
|
||
<p>This program will print out <code>T</code> if the <code>#define</code> statement
|
||
falls between the declaration of <code>test()</code> and its use in
|
||
<code>main()</code>, otherwise it will print out <code>F</code>. Furthermore,
|
||
you can use the same call to <code>test()</code> repeatedly in
|
||
different lines to return different values:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> #define test(x,y) test(y,x)
|
||
main(){int i=0;a(&i);b(&i);c(&i);d(&i);printf("%d\n",i);}
|
||
a(i)int*i;{if (test(0,1)) *i += 1;}
|
||
b(i)int*i;{if (test(0,1)) *i += 2;}
|
||
c(i)int*i;{if (test(0,1)) *i += 4;}
|
||
d(i)int*i;{if (test(0,1)) *i += 8;}
|
||
test(x,y){return x;}</code></pre>
|
||
<p>If you enter the above program on punch cards, throw them
|
||
up in the air, gather them up, and run it, you will get
|
||
a number from 0 to 15 printed out. Now <em>that’s</em> a random
|
||
number generator…</p>
|
||
<p>Of course, there are drawbacks to C programming on punch
|
||
cards; an 80-character line limit can be restricting, and
|
||
(to be maximally portable) you need to use trigraphs for
|
||
the characters <code>^[]{}\</code> (these aren’t found on every
|
||
keypunch, and have various encodings).</p>
|
||
<p>My C program entry does the following:</p>
|
||
<ol type="1">
|
||
<li><p>Reads in lines.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Rearranges the lines, or not.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>if it rearranges the lines, they are sorted or scrambled.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><p>Reverses the order of the lines, or not.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Prints out the lines as either text or
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> punch cards.</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>The code, as written, scrambles the input and prints it out
|
||
as normal text, so you can simulate ‘dropping’ the cards.
|
||
You can repeatedly scramble the code to get all 12 variants
|
||
(but the scrambling isn’t very random; it’s just a bubble
|
||
sort with a random number, so some variants are more common
|
||
than others). You can also just swap the arguments in the
|
||
calls to <code>t()</code> in all combinations to get all the variations.</p>
|
||
<p>If you sort the lines, you will get the version that just
|
||
prints out the input as punch cards (you will need to display
|
||
at least 82 columns of text, or clip the last few chars by
|
||
piping it through <code>sed s/...$//</code>). If you use this on the
|
||
original code, you will see that it spells out <code>HOLLERITH</code>
|
||
when punched on cards (you can see the tall, thin letters
|
||
spelling out <code>HOLLERITH</code> if you turn the C code sideways).
|
||
You will also see why <code>/KC 0000 K</code> is a <code>Hollerith emoticon</code>.
|
||
Unrecognized characters are punched as a lace column.
|
||
(You can see an ASCII simulation of the code as punch cards
|
||
by looking at <code>card.gif</code>.)</p>
|
||
<p>For a nice test pattern, try</p>
|
||
<pre><code> &-0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR/STUVWXYZ:#@'=".<(+|!$*);,%_>?abcmnoxyz^[]{}\</code></pre>
|
||
<p>If you want to analyze the program, sorting the lines while
|
||
ignoring leading blanks works best (<code>sort -b</code>). This will
|
||
produce the version that just reverses the line order, and
|
||
the routines in the code are in a sensible order.</p>
|
||
<p>This program should work on EBCDIC computers. It assumes
|
||
that the <code>time_t</code> ptr param to <code>time(3)</code> will work with an <code>int</code>
|
||
ptr, and that “passing through” a <code>char[][]</code> array as a simple
|
||
<code>char *</code> is OK. Your compiler MUST understand trigraphs, or it
|
||
will miss the trigraph backslash before the double quote in
|
||
the <code>K</code> string and complain about a malformed string; for GNU
|
||
C, use <code>-ansi</code> or <code>-trigraphs</code>. Entering a line of more than 80
|
||
characters, or more than 81 lines, will jam the card reader.</p>
|
||
<p>I’ve used the <code>a[b]</code> ==> <code>*(a+b)</code> trick, because this is
|
||
actually shorter than the trigraph version of <code>a??(b??)</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>With 28 lines of code (not counting the blank lines or the
|
||
comment), there are technically <code>28!</code> different programs, or
|
||
<code>304,888,344,611,713,860,501,504,000,000</code> different versions,
|
||
all legal C.</p>
|
||
<pre><code> * except in Florida voting machines
|
||
|
||
** all cards must be face down, nine-edge first, of course.</code></pre>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-2001westley">Inventory for 2001/westley</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/westley.c">westley.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/westley.alt.c">westley.alt.c</a> - alternate source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/westley.orig.c">westley.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="2001_westley.tar.bz2">2001_westley.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
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Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
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<!--
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|
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Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
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|
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You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
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|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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For more information, see:
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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-->
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<div class="footer">
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||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll:
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<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
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<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
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<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
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target="_blank"
|
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rel="license noopener noreferrer"
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style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/cc.png"
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alt="cc inside circle symbol">
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/by.png"
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alt="person inside circle symbol">
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/sa.png"
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alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
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You should <b>carefully review</b> the
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<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
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target="_blank"
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rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
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before using the licensed material.<br>
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You may wish to review the
|
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<b><a href="../../license.html"
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target="_blank"
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rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
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of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
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</p>
|
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</div>
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||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fioccc-src.github.io%2Ftemp-test-ioccc%2F2001%2Fwestley%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
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<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
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