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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
<h2>2012/kang - Best short program</h2>
<h3>Decodes spelled out numbers</h3>
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<a class="Left" href="../hou/index.html">&larr; 2012/hou</a>
<a class="Left" href="../index.html">&uarr; 2012 &uarr;</a>
<a class="Left" href="../konno/index.html">2012/konno &rarr;</a>
<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/kang.c">C code</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Seonghoon_Kang">Seonghoon Kang</a><br>
Location: <a href="../../location.html#KR">KR</a> - <em>Republic of Korea</em> (<em>South Korea</em>)</li>
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
<pre><code> make</code></pre>
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
<pre><code> echo &quot;full spelling of an English cardinal numeral less than a quadrillion&quot; | ./kang</code></pre>
<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
<pre><code> ./try.sh # try various languages
./en.sh # English 0 through 13
./de.sh # German 0 through 13 with both umlauts and without (additional &#39;e&#39;)</code></pre>
<p>How does it have no <code>u</code> or <code>o</code> in a string in the source code and yet it gets
<code>uno</code> right?</p>
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
<p>The judges were able to appreciate the Indo-European language family
relation by making this entry successfully recognize <em>some</em> French,
German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish numerals.</p>
<p>Also worth mentioning is this entry’s ability to understand the
colloquial year numbers of the last millennium.</p>
<p>We’ve added a linefeed to the print format for convenience.</p>
<p>Can you explain why:</p>
<pre><code> echo f hundr|./kang</code></pre>
<p>correctly reports 500 but:</p>
<pre><code> echo hundr|./kang</code></pre>
<p>does not report 100, instead printing 0?</p>
<p>Also, can you get the program to use the proper <code>V</code> in German instead of <code>F</code>,
for <code>vier</code> (four)? In other words, can you get it to use <code>vier</code> instead of
<code>fier</code>? What happens if you do do this?</p>
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
<h3 id="synopsis">Synopsis</h3>
<p>This short program reads a spelt number (e.g. <code>forty-two</code>) and writes a
corresponding decimal number (e.g. <code>42</code>). Too long for one-liners, alas,
but it still qualifies as a <em>short</em> program as it has less than 0x100 bytes.</p>
<p>It accepts a variety of spelt numbers:</p>
<ul>
<li>It correctly handles <code>zero</code>.</li>
<li>Hyphen does not make a difference: <code>forty-two</code> and <code>forty two</code> are same.
So does period or comma.</li>
<li>Cases do not make a difference either: <code>TWO</code>, <code>Two</code>, <code>two</code> are the same.</li>
<li><code>one</code> and <code>a</code> are interchangeable: <code>one hundred</code> and <code>a hundred</code> are the same.</li>
<li><code>and</code> is optional: <code>one hundred twenty-three</code> and <code>one hundred and twenty-three</code>
are the same.</li>
<li>It supports every non-negative integer less than 10<sup>15</sup>-1. It uses
the small scale (i.e. American): <code>billion</code> is 10<sup>9</sup> and <code>trillion</code> is
10<sup>12</sup>.</li>
<li>Sometimes, it can magically correct typos.</li>
</ul>
<p>It does <em>not</em> accept some spelt numbers, which I found mostly irrelevant:</p>
<ul>
<li>A bare <code>hundred</code>, <code>thousand</code> etc. do not work.</li>
<li><code>one million million</code> does not work. Get used to <code>one trillion</code>!</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="requirements">Requirements</h3>
<p>This program is quite portable, only requiring the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>The signature <code>int main(int, int)</code> should be accepted by the linker. (Original
version only).</li>
<li><code>char</code> should be at least 1 byte long (as dictated by the standard), <code>int</code>
should be at least 32 bits long, <code>long long</code> should be at least 64 bits long.</li>
<li>Both the compiler and execution environment should use an ASCII-compatible
character set and two’s complement representation.</li>
<li>Overflow and underflow on <code>char</code> should wrap around, if your <code>char</code> is unsigned.</li>
<li><a href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/ken/trust.html">A trustworthy compiler</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The design of the program explicitly allows for <code>EOF</code> even if it does not equal
<code>-1</code> (it has to be negative per the standard but not necessarily <code>-1</code>) and both
<code>signed char</code> and <code>unsigned char</code>, for example. Furthermore it is
endian-independent.</p>
<h3 id="notice-to-those-who-wish-for-a-greater-challenge">NOTICE to those who wish for a greater challenge:</h3>
<p><strong>If you want a greater challenge, don’t read any further</strong>:
just try to understand the program via the source.</p>
<p>If you get stuck, come back and read below for additional hints and information.</p>
<h3 id="how-this-entry-works">How this entry works:</h3>
<p>Many obfuscations used are typical for standard IOCCC entries:</p>
<ul>
<li>Two arguments from <code>main()</code> function are reused as normal variables.</li>
<li>Every conditional has been replaced with the <code>?:</code> ternary operator and <code>||</code>
short-circuiting operator.</li>
<li>It has exactly three nested <code>for</code> loops and nothing else.</li>
<li>Common two’s complement tricks: <code>~-a</code> instead of <code>a-1</code>,
<code>~a?...:...</code> instead of <code>a!=-1?...:...</code>, etc.</li>
<li>Comma operators (<code>,</code>) for multiple statements. The number of them is
minimized, however, as it is too easy to (ab)use them.</li>
<li>It lacks most parentheses around bitwise and arithmetic operators. It was
originally written for shortness so parentheses were <strong>EVIL</strong>.</li>
<li><code>n["string"]</code> instead of <code>"string"[n]</code>. Both are fine for this program but
I went to the former just for fun.</li>
<li>Utter lack of any kind of layouts. (Oh, except for the first column.)</li>
</ul>
<p>Other obfuscations are more subtle:</p>
<ul>
<li>The string <code>"1+DIY/.K430x9G(kC["</code> is 18 bytes long, but actually 19 bytes
including the final NUL character are used.</li>
<li>It internally represents numbers as hexadecimal. When the input is <code>two hundred and three</code>, it actually writes <code>0x203</code> as hexadecimal.</li>
<li>Some variables (notably, <code>n</code>) have dual uses.</li>
<li>The magic number <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_to_The_Ultimate_Question_of_Life,_the_Universe,_and_Everything">42</a> makes an appearance.</li>
<li>It has a long long numb-<code>main</code>-er within it!</li>
</ul>
<p>But the most important obfuscation is the clever construction of lookup table.
The program uses 11 different characters required for recognizing 22 lexemes:</p>
<pre><code> zero one tw- th(i)r- fo(u)r- fi- six-
seven- eigh- nin- ten eleven twelve
hundred(s) thousand(s) million(s) billion(s) trillion(s)
a and -teen -ty</code></pre>
<p>So that they are internally represented as like:</p>
<pre><code> r n tw- tr- fr- f- s-
sn- g- nn- tn ln twl
nr(s) tsan(s) lln(s) blln(s) trlln(s)
a an -tn -ty</code></pre>
<p>The stemmer recognizes the longest matching prefix, so every lexeme can be
recognized by at most three characters (e.g. <code>trl</code> instead of <code>trlln</code>). This is
also handy for ignoring plurals. But that would make it so that the table does not fit
in the printable byte—11<sup>2</sup> is already almost 2<sup>7</sup>!</p>
<p>The trick is to use octal; three characters (<code>a</code>, <code>b</code> and <code>g</code>) are interpreted
as sequences of two characters (<code>ny</code>, <code>nn</code> and <code>nw</code> respectively). Asides from
a smaller lookup table, it has many good consequences:</p>
<ul>
<li>Both <code>a</code> and <code>and</code> share the common prefix, <code>ny</code>, and can be discarded
altogether. Note that <code>ny</code> itself does not appear from other entries.</li>
<li><code>thousand</code> is interpreted as <code>tsan</code>, which is equivalent to <code>tfyn</code> in the
octal scheme. As it is the only entry with <code>tf</code> prefix, it can be shorten by
one character.</li>
</ul>
<p>Having said this important trick, other details should be relatively easier to
follow. The order of lookup table, for example, is very important,
and the biggest constant 6177 is not arbitrarily chosen.</p>
<p>Even more obfuscation information is <a href="https://gist.github.com/lifthrasiir/3909337">available</a>.</p>
<h3 id="acknowledgement">Acknowledgement</h3>
<p>The cleaner (size-optimized) version of this program was originally published
in my website in July 2011. Sun Park and others have reviewed it and made me
aware of possible improvements. I’d also like to thank Seo Sanghyeon for
proof-reading remarks.</p>
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<div id="inventory">
<h1 id="inventory-for-2012kang">Inventory for 2012/kang</h1>
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<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/kang.c">kang.c</a> - entry source code</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/kang.orig.c">kang.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/de.sh">de.sh</a> - German words script for 1 through 13</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/en.sh">en.sh</a> - English words script for 1 through 13</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="2012_kang.tar.bz2">2012_kang.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2012/kang/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
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