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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>2005/sykes - Best Emulator</h2>
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<a class="Left" href="../persano/index.html">← persano</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../timwi/index.html">timwi →</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/sykes.c">C code</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Stephen_Sykes">Stephen Sykes</a><br>
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#FI">FI</a> - <em>Republic of Finland </em> (<em>Finland</em>)</li>
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
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<pre><code> make</code></pre>
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<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
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<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
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<pre><code> STATUS: INABIAF - please **DO NOT** fix</code></pre>
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<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#2005_sykes">2005/sykes in bugs.html</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./sykes binary_file</code></pre>
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./try.sh</code></pre>
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<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
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<p>For those who fondly remember their first
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a>, this entry will start you
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down memory lane … starting with <code>$C000</code> of course!</p>
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<p>We encourage you to try and grok the obfuscated expression on <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/sykes.c#L56">line
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56</a>,
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after the C pre-processor gets finished with it!</p>
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<p>We downloaded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_image">ROM</a> contents to use
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the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulator</a> in
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a> mode as follows:</p>
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<pre><code> wget http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/firmware/computers/pet/basic-2-c000.901465-01.bin
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wget http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/firmware/computers/pet/basic-2-d000.901465-02.bin
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wget http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/firmware/computers/pet/edit-2-n.901447-24.bin
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wget http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/firmware/computers/pet/kernal-2.901465-03.bin</code></pre>
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<p>We then created:</p>
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<pre><code> dd bs=2k count=1 if=/dev/zero of=nullfill.bin</code></pre>
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<p>For your convenience, we have added the above mentioned files to this entry directory.
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They were used to form the <code>pet.rom</code> file.</p>
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<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
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<p>This program is not only a complete <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">Motorola 6502
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processor</a>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulator</a>, but also an emulation of the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">Commodore PET 2001</a>.</p>
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<p>This is the second version of the same entry, but this one takes care to
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not include any possibly copyrighted items in the info files, to be sure
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to not infringe the rules.</p>
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<h3 id="test">Test</h3>
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<p>Compile the program, then test the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a> like this:</p>
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<pre><code> ./sykes 6502test</code></pre>
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<p>A basic test is done for each instruction and addressing mode, all tests
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should pass. At the end of the tests, it loops forever - break out with
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control-C.</p>
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<h3 id="pet-emulation">PET EMULATION</h3>
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<p>Cast your mind back to 1977… a little company called
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_International">Commodore</a> introduced
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the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a>, the Personal Electronic
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Transactor.</p>
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<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer">machine</a> was a hit, and
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History">history</a> was made.</p>
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<p>Now you can relive those wonderful times with this
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a> emulator!</p>
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<p>Make sure you have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator">terminal
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window</a> of 40x25 chars or
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bigger, and then run the emulator like this:</p>
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<pre><code> ./sykes pet.rom</code></pre>
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<p>You should see the startup message. Try typing in some
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC">BASIC</a> - for instance:</p>
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<pre><code> PRINT "HELLO, WORLD"</code></pre>
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<p>There is an optional numeric parameter, which controls the speed. For a
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slower cursor blink, try</p>
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<pre><code> ./sykes pet.rom 6</code></pre>
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<p>and for faster</p>
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<pre><code> ./sykes pet.rom 2</code></pre>
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<p>The default is 4.</p>
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<p>The control keys are as follows:</p>
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<pre><code> ^A HOME
|
||
^L CLR
|
||
^R RVS
|
||
^E OFF
|
||
^Y INST
|
||
^X STOP (break)
|
||
^F cursor forward
|
||
^B cursor back
|
||
^N cursor down</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Supplied also is a short demo program written in
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC">BASIC</a>. Try typing</p>
|
||
<pre><code> LOAD "DEMO"
|
||
RUN</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Many other old programs will run in this emulator too. Files with a <code>.PRG</code>
|
||
extension should work. Look, for instance, here:</p>
|
||
<p><a href="http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/pet/ALLFILES.html">http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/pet/ALLFILES.html</a></p>
|
||
<p>or try this one:</p>
|
||
<p><a href="http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/pet/games/english/dungeon.prg">http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/pet/games/english/dungeon.prg</a></p>
|
||
<p>The filenames must be upper case in order to be loaded by the emulator.</p>
|
||
<p>You can save programs too - try</p>
|
||
<pre><code> 10 PRINT "HELLO!"
|
||
SAVE "HELLO"
|
||
NEW
|
||
|
||
LOAD "HELLO"
|
||
RUN</code></pre>
|
||
<p>You also might try typing this to see an ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)#Software">Easter egg</a>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> WAIT 6502,12</code></pre>
|
||
<h3 id="emulation">6502 EMULATION</h3>
|
||
<p>The program is basically a
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulator</a>, and it does NOT need the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">Commodore</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_image">ROM</a> to work.</p>
|
||
<p>Supplied as a demonstration is a
|
||
compiled-for-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
version a chess program (heh, I found a use for a previous losing entry :) ). Try:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./sykes chess</code></pre>
|
||
<p>It works as you would expect (it plays very badly). There’s no castling
|
||
or en-passant, and to win you must actually take the opponent’s king.</p>
|
||
<p>You can write your own programs too, any <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/6502_Assembly">6502
|
||
assembler</a> should work.</p>
|
||
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulator</a> loads the supplied file
|
||
at <code>$C000</code>, and starts execution from that address also (the reset vector is
|
||
ignored).</p>
|
||
<p>The screen memory begins at <code>$8000</code>, and is <code>40 columns * 25 rows</code>.
|
||
Key presses appear when they occur in memory location <code>$A2</code>, and are
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#OR">OR</a>ed
|
||
with <code>$80</code> - this is a way of indicating a fresh character. The program
|
||
can frequently check this byte, and when it sees a new character, it can
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND">AND</a> it with <code>$7F</code> to
|
||
indicate that it has been read.</p>
|
||
<p>The
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulator</a> receives an interrupt 60
|
||
times a second or so, you may want to disable interrupts (with the <code>SEI</code>
|
||
instruction) if you do not need this.</p>
|
||
<p>In
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a> mode the special
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a> character codes are not used and
|
||
the screen understands normal
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#Character_set">ASCII</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Lastly, before <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a> starts,
|
||
the low byte from a <code>time(3)</code> call is placed at address 0 - this can be used as a
|
||
random seed.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="technical-description">Technical description</h3>
|
||
<p>Most of the program comprises the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulator</a>. <code>curses</code> is used for the
|
||
screen and keyboard handling.</p>
|
||
<p>Much of the obfuscation comes from the need to squeeze in the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a> as well as faking enough of
|
||
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a> hardware for it to work.</p>
|
||
<p>If the supplied file is exactly 16384 bytes, the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulator</a> assumes it is a
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_image">ROM</a>, and goes into PET emulation
|
||
mode. Otherwise some PET specific features are skipped during normal
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The main processing all happens in a heroic expression containing no
|
||
less than 64 ternary operators (after <code>cpp</code>) starting on <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/sykes.c#L56">line
|
||
56</a>.
|
||
This decodes the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
instructions according to a table and executes them.</p>
|
||
<p>The addressing mode is decoded in a similar expression starting on <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/sykes.c#L53">line
|
||
53</a>.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="bugs">Bugs</h3>
|
||
<p>The machine emulated is an older 40 column
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a>, so 80 column programs
|
||
will not show correctly.</p>
|
||
<p>There is no <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a> of
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a> graphics characters.</p>
|
||
<p>The parameter controls the speed of the 60Hz “jiffy clock”, and not the
|
||
processor speed. This means many games may run too fast to be usable -
|
||
it really depends on the speed of your machine.</p>
|
||
<p>Although the PET <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulator</a> can do <code>LOAD</code>
|
||
and <code>SAVE</code>, it cannot <code>VERIFY</code> or <code>OPEN</code> and <code>CLOSE</code> files.</p>
|
||
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a> hardware
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a> is not at all complete -
|
||
features such as the hardware timers are completely missing. Some programs will
|
||
not run correctly.</p>
|
||
<p>The
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502#Technical_description">6502</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a> does not include the seldom
|
||
used decimal mode, or any of the “undocumented” instructions.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="important-note">IMPORTANT NOTE</h3>
|
||
<p>I think it is great fun to run the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET">PET</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator">emulation</a> and mess around with
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC">BASIC</a>. However, this obviously needs the
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_image">ROM</a> file to work. My
|
||
program is original and completely free of any copyright, but, of
|
||
course, the <code>pet.rom</code> is not my work. So I ask the user to download it
|
||
from the Internet. This is to avoid directly infringing any copyright.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="finally">Finally</h3>
|
||
<p>What does this do?</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ./sykes pet.rom -1</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Have fun!</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
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||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-2005sykes">Inventory for 2005/sykes</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/sykes.c">sykes.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/sykes.orig.c">sykes.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/test.sh">test.sh</a> - test tool</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="2005_sykes.tar.bz2">2005_sykes.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="6502test">6502test</a> - 6502 test utility</li>
|
||
<li><a href="DEMO">DEMO</a> - demo for Commodore PET</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/PET">PET</a> - Commodore PET emulator</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="basic-2-c000.901465-01.bin">basic-2-c000.901465-01.bin</a> - BASIC binary for Commodore PET</li>
|
||
<li><a href="basic-2-d000.901465-02.bin">basic-2-d000.901465-02.bin</a> - BASIC binary for Commodore PET</li>
|
||
<li><a href="chess">chess</a> - chess program for Commodore PET</li>
|
||
<li><a href="edit-2-n.901447-24.bin">edit-2-n.901447-24.bin</a> - editor for Commodore PET</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="kernel-2.901465-03.bin">kernel-2.901465-03.bin</a> - Commodore PET kernel</li>
|
||
<li><a href="nullfill.bin">nullfill.bin</a> - block of binary zeros</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2005/sykes/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
|
||
</h4>
|
||
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||
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||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- END: this line ends content from: inc/after-content.default.html -->
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/footer.default.html -->
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll:
|
||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer"
|
||
style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/cc.png"
|
||
alt="cc inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/by.png"
|
||
alt="person inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/sa.png"
|
||
alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
||
<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
||
of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fioccc-src.github.io%2Ftemp-test-ioccc%2F2005%2Fsykes%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
|
||
<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
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