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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>2013/endoh3 - Most tweetable one liner</h2>
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<h3>play music with ABC notation</h3>
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</div>
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<div class="navbar">
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<a class="Left" href="../endoh2/index.html">← 2013/endoh2</a>
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<a class="Left" href="../index.html">↑ 2013 ↑</a>
|
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<a class="Left" href="../endoh4/index.html">2013/endoh4 →</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/endoh3.c">C code</a>
|
||
<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/Makefile">Makefile</a>
|
||
<a class="Right" href="#inventory">Inventory</a>
|
||
<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/endoh3.orig.c">Original C</a>
|
||
<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2013%2Fendoh3%2Findex.html">✓</a>
|
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Yusuke_Endoh">Yusuke Endoh</a><br>
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#JP">JP</a> - <em>Japan</em></li>
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 2013/endoh3/README.md -->
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
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||
<pre><code> make</code></pre>
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||
<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
|
||
<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p><strong>STATUS: INABIAF - please DO NOT fix</strong></p>
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||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#2013_endoh3">2013/endoh3 in bugs.html</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./endoh3</code></pre>
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<p>This program plays sound. See the
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||
FAQ on “<a href="../../faq.html#sox">compile with sound</a>”
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if you do not know how to set your
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system up for this or if you want to verify that everything is oky.</p>
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./try.sh
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./try.sh ABC
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./try.sh test.abc yankee.abc
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./try.sh *.abc</code></pre>
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<p>The script will check for SoX first and next <code>padsp</code> from <code>PulseAudio</code> and
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finally if neither are found if you have <code>ruby(1)</code> installed it’ll use the
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included ruby script to convert it to a WAV file for you to play.</p>
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<p>If no args are passed to the script it will play <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/twinkle.abc">twinkle.abc</a> and
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the string <code>ABC</code>. Otherwise while there’s a remaining arg if it’s a file it will
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run the program on the file. If it’s not a file it’ll run it as a string.</p>
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<p>The <code>*.abc</code> files are provided as music samples.</p>
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<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
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<p>This program can toot out a tune that is small enough to posted to most social
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media platforms that have small message length limits.</p>
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<p>This endoh3ram can toot out a tune that is small enough.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="a-modern-day-2023-note-about-the-award-most-tweetable-1-liner-and-twitter">A modern day (2023) note about the award ‘Most tweetable 1-liner’ and twitter:</h3>
|
||
<p>The IOCCC no longer endorses the use of what was once twitter, or whatever it
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might be called today. We recommend that you pick a responsible social media
|
||
platform to post the program’s output on. Nevertheless the award of this entry
|
||
will remain the same for historical purposes.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="remarks">Remarks</h3>
|
||
<p>This is a sound synthesizer for a subset of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_notation">ABC music
|
||
notation</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Try:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cc -o endoh3 endoh3.c
|
||
echo "CDEFGABc" | ./endoh3 > /dev/dsp</code></pre>
|
||
<p>If <code>/dev/dsp</code> is not available on your system, use an OSS sound wrapper such
|
||
as <code>padsp</code> or <code>aoss</code>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> echo "CDEFGABc" | ./endoh3 | padsp tee /dev/dsp > /dev/null</code></pre>
|
||
<p>If you are using Mac OS X, try <a href="http://sox.sourceforge.net/">sox</a> like so:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> echo "CDEFGABc" | ./endoh3 | sox -q -traw -r8000 -b8 -e unsigned-integer - -tcoreaudio</code></pre>
|
||
<p>If that does not work, use the attached script to convert the output into a wave
|
||
file format:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> echo "CDEFGABc" | ./endoh3 | ruby wavify.rb > cde.wav</code></pre>
|
||
<p>and play <code>cde.wav</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>You can also enjoy some music scores that I attached. With <code>/dev/dsp</code> you can
|
||
do so like:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> cat twinkle.abc | ./endoh3 > /dev/dsp
|
||
cat menuet.abc | ./endoh3 > /dev/dsp</code></pre>
|
||
<p>but you should be able to modify it a way to meet your system requirements as
|
||
described above.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="obfuscation">Obfuscation</h3>
|
||
<p>The following sequence of questions may be helpful to understand the <code>endoh3ram</code>
|
||
program:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>How does it convert ABC notes into the frequency?</li>
|
||
<li>What is <code>89/84.</code>? I found it by using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern-Brocot_tree">Stern-Brocot
|
||
tree</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>How does it generate a wave? Hint: it generates a saw wave.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="limitation">Limitation</h3>
|
||
<p>The following features are supported:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Notes:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>C</code> <code>D</code> <code>E</code> <code>F</code> <code>G</code> <code>A</code> <code>B</code> (in low octave)</li>
|
||
<li><code>c</code> <code>d</code> <code>e</code> <code>f</code> <code>g</code> <code>a</code> <code>b</code> (in high octave)</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li>Rests: <code>z</code></li>
|
||
<li>Note lengths:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>A</code> (an eighth note)</li>
|
||
<li><code>A2</code> (a quarter note)</li>
|
||
<li><code>A3</code> (a dotted quarter note)</li>
|
||
<li><code>A4</code> (a half note)</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The following features are <em>NOT</em> supported:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Sharp and flat: <code>^C</code> <code>_C</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>But it is possible to emit the half tones. Do you see how?</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li>Shorter note lengths than 1: <code>C1/2</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>But you can use <code>C0.5</code> instead.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li>Higher and lower notes: <code>c'</code> <code>C,</code></li>
|
||
<li>Any meta fields: <code>T:title</code> <code>L:1/4</code></li>
|
||
<li>Bar line, repeat, ties and slurs, and everything else.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="known-bugs">Known Bugs</h3>
|
||
<p>You can <em>NOT</em> write a note length immediately followed by a note <code>E</code>,
|
||
such as <code>C2E2</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Can you figure out why?</p>
|
||
<p>A workaround is inserting a whitespace: <code>C2 E2</code>.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="portability">Portability</h3>
|
||
<p>I tested it on:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Ubuntu 13.10 with gcc 4.7.3, clang 3.2, and tcc 0.9.25.</li>
|
||
<li>Mac OS X 10.6 with gcc 4.2.1 and clang 1.7.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="legal">Legal</h3>
|
||
<p>I believe that all the scores that I attached are out-of-copyright.</p>
|
||
<p>I did write a score of the Happy Birthday song too.
|
||
(It does not matter because the song is out-of-copyright in my country.)
|
||
But I do not attach it to protect you from W****r.</p>
|
||
<p>For the same reason, do not post a score that contains only <code>z1092</code>.
|
||
You know, it is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E2%80%B233%E2%80%B3">“the famous song”</a>.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="notice-to-those-who-wish-for-a-greater-challenge">NOTICE to those who wish for a greater challenge:</h3>
|
||
<p><strong>If you want a greater challenge, don’t read any further</strong>:
|
||
just try to understand the program via the source.</p>
|
||
<p>If you get stuck, come back and read below for additional hints and information.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="how-this-entry-works">How this entry works:</h3>
|
||
<p>Here is a magical expression which I found by brute-force:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> (c % 32 + 5) * 9 / 5 % 13 + n / 32 * 12 - 22</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Interestingly, it converts an ASCII number of ABC notes
|
||
to the corresponding tone number.</p>
|
||
<pre><code> 'C' (ASCII 67) => 3
|
||
'D' (ASCII 68) => 5
|
||
'E' (ASCII 69) => 7
|
||
'F' (ASCII 70) => 9
|
||
'G' (ASCII 71) => 10
|
||
'A' (ASCII 65) => 12
|
||
'B' (ASCII 66) => 14
|
||
'c' (ASCII 99) => 15
|
||
'd' (ASCII 100) => 17
|
||
'e' (ASCII 101) => 19
|
||
'f' (ASCII 102) => 20
|
||
'g' (ASCII 103) => 22
|
||
'a' (ASCII 97) => 24
|
||
'b' (ASCII 98) => 26</code></pre>
|
||
<p>By the way, you can write a half-tone by the following characters.</p>
|
||
<pre><code> 'K' => 4 (= C#)
|
||
'L' => 6 (= D#)
|
||
'U' => 8 (= F#)
|
||
'V' => 11 (= G#)
|
||
'P' => 13 (= A#)</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Note that the tone numbers simply enumerate the semi-tone steps. So we can
|
||
calculate the frequency easily: <code>pow(2, n / 12.0)</code>. Then, how can we calculate
|
||
<code>pow</code> without <code>math.h</code>? <code>pow(2, 1.0 / 12.0)</code> is approximated by <code>89/84.</code>. (I
|
||
found this approximation by using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Brocot_tree">Stern-Brocot
|
||
tree</a>.) We can gain the
|
||
frequency by multiplying the value by <code>n</code> times.</p>
|
||
<p>Finally, the following code generates a saw wave:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> for(c = 0; c < len; c++) putchar(a = n * D);</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where <code>D</code> is a frequency and <code>a</code> is a variable whose type is <code>char</code>. By
|
||
assigning <code>float</code> to <code>char</code> variable, the implicit type conversion is performed
|
||
from <code>float</code> to <code>char</code> (modulo 256).</p>
|
||
<p>(Strictly speaking, this behavior is undefined according to 6.3.1.4 in C99; you
|
||
can replace it with <code>(long)(n*D)</code> if you are pedantic.)</p>
|
||
<p>All that was left was to combine and condense the components. The key is
|
||
squashing them into just one <code>for</code>-loop.</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
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||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-2013endoh3">Inventory for 2013/endoh3</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/endoh3.c">endoh3.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/endoh3.orig.c">endoh3.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/flea-waltz.abc">flea-waltz.abc</a> - sample input</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/menuet.abc">menuet.abc</a> - sample input</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/test.abc">test.abc</a> - sample input</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/twinkle.abc">twinkle.abc</a> - sample input</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/wavify.rb">wavify.rb</a> - post process output to form a WAV sound file</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/yankee.abc">yankee.abc</a> - sample input</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="2013_endoh3.tar.bz2">2013_endoh3.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2013/endoh3/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
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<h4>
|
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Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
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<!--
|
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|
||
Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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||
|
||
For more information, see:
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|
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
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<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll:
|
||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
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rel="license noopener noreferrer"
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style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/cc.png"
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alt="cc inside circle symbol">
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/by.png"
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alt="person inside circle symbol">
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
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src="../../png/sa.png"
|
||
alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
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<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
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target="_blank"
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||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
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<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
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||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
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of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
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</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2013%2Fendoh3%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
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<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
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