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<div class="header">
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<img src="../../png/ioccc.png" alt="IOCCC image by Matt Zucker" width=300 height=110>
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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>2001/westley - Best position-independent code</h2>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/2001/westley/westley.c">C code</a>
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<h2 id="author"><a name="author"></a>Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Brian_Westley">Brian Westley</a><br>
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)
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<br><br></li>
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">make</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<p>There are two additional programs based on the author’s remarks and the original
|
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version, provided as alternate code as it might be less portable. See <a href="#sorted-code">sorted
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code</a>, <a href="#punch-card-code">punch card code</a> and <a href="#alternate-code">alternate
|
||
code</a> below.</p>
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<h3 id="bugs-and-misfeatures">Bugs and (Mis)features:</h3>
|
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<p>The current status of this entry is:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>STATUS: uses gets() - change to fgets() if possible
|
||
STATUS: missing files - please provide them
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||
STATUS: main() has only one arg - try and make it have 2 or 3</code></pre>
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<p>For more detailed information see <a href="../../bugs.html#2001_westley">2001 westley bugs</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./westley</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">></span>/dev/null</span>
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<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># enter some input, terminate with EOF</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
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||
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">echo</span> foo <span class="kw">|</span> <span class="ex">./westley</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">></span>/dev/null</span>
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<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
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<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./westley</span> <span class="op"><</span> westley.c <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">></span>/dev/null</span></code></pre></div>
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">./try.sh</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h2 id="sorted-code">Sorted code:</h2>
|
||
<p>The author stated that one can sort (ignoring leading blanks i.e. <code>sort -b</code>) the
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code by line and it will always sort the order of the input.</p>
|
||
<p>This is compiled by default; use <code>westley.sort</code> as you would <code>westley</code> above.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="punch-card-code">Punch card code:</h2>
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||
<p>The author also stated that if you just sort the code you’ll get the with
|
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<code>sort</code>) version that just prints out the punch card. The
|
||
<a href="westley.punch.c">westley.punch.c</a> code is specifically so that Westley can punch
|
||
everyone in the face! :-) This is also compiled by default.</p>
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<h3 id="punch-card-try">Punch card try:</h3>
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||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">echo</span> <span class="st">'Brian Westley does it again!'</span> <span class="kw">|</span> <span class="ex">./westley.punch</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">></span>/dev/null</span></code></pre></div>
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||
<h2 id="alternate-code">Alternate code:</h2>
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||
<p>An alternate version of this entry, <a href="westley.alt.c">westley.alt.c</a>, is provided.
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||
This alternate code might be less portable.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-build">Alternate build:</h3>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode sh"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">make</span> alt</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-use">Alternate use:</h3>
|
||
<p>Use <code>westley.alt</code> as you would <code>westley</code> above.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>Try copying the source to a new file and changing around the
|
||
order of the lines. Does it produce the exact same output?</p>
|
||
<p>By changing the order of the source, figure out in how many different
|
||
ways this program can transform input to output.</p>
|
||
<p>This assortment of obfuscated lines takes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-independent_code">position-independent
|
||
code</a> to a new level! :-)</p>
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||
<p>We find it amazing that with just 28 lines of code (not counting comments and
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||
blank lines) there are <code>28!</code> or <code>304,888,344,611,713,860,501,504,000,000</code>
|
||
versions of the program, all valid C!</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card">Punch cards</a>, or Hollerith cards,
|
||
were becoming obsolete just as C was becoming more popular*; this is rather
|
||
unfortunate, because C has an advantage over many other languages when it comes
|
||
to punch cards - C programs can be written to be “drop proof”.</p>
|
||
<p>Consider the following C program:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main<span class="op">(){</span>a<span class="op">();</span>b<span class="op">();</span>c<span class="op">();}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a<span class="op">(){</span>printf<span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"A"</span><span class="op">);}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>b<span class="op">(){</span>printf<span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"B"</span><span class="op">);}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>c<span class="op">(){</span>printf<span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"C"</span><span class="op">);}</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>This program will compile and run no matter what order the
|
||
lines are in. If you punch it on cards (one line of code per
|
||
card, naturally) and drop them, you don’t need to put them in
|
||
any particular order**; it will always produce <code>ABC</code> as output.</p>
|
||
<p>You can also use global variables:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>greet <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Hello, world!"</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>greet<span class="op">;</span> main<span class="op">(){</span>puts<span class="op">(</span>greet<span class="op">);}</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>It would be trivial to write an entire C program that is
|
||
“drop proof” using the above techniques; surprisingly, it’s
|
||
possible to write a program that will always compile but
|
||
behave differently depending on the line order:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test<span class="op">(</span>a<span class="op">,</span>b<span class="op">){</span><span class="cf">return</span> a<span class="op">;}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define test</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="pp">a</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="pp">b</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> test</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="pp">b</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="pp">a</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main<span class="op">(){</span><span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>test<span class="op">(</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">))</span> printf<span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"T"</span><span class="op">);</span> <span class="cf">else</span> printf<span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"F"</span><span class="op">);}</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>This program will print out <code>T</code> if the <code>#define</code> statement
|
||
falls between the declaration of <code>test()</code> and its use in
|
||
<code>main()</code>, otherwise it will print out <code>F</code>. Furthermore,
|
||
you can use the same call to <code>test()</code> repeatedly in
|
||
different lines to return different values:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define test</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="pp">x</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="pp">y</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> test</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="pp">y</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="pp">x</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main<span class="op">(){</span><span class="dt">int</span> i<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">;</span>a<span class="op">(&</span>i<span class="op">);</span>b<span class="op">(&</span>i<span class="op">);</span>c<span class="op">(&</span>i<span class="op">);</span>d<span class="op">(&</span>i<span class="op">);</span>printf<span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"</span><span class="sc">%d\n</span><span class="st">"</span><span class="op">,</span>i<span class="op">);}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a<span class="op">(</span>i<span class="op">)</span><span class="dt">int</span><span class="op">*</span>i<span class="op">;{</span><span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>test<span class="op">(</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">))</span> <span class="op">*</span>i <span class="op">+=</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">;}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>b<span class="op">(</span>i<span class="op">)</span><span class="dt">int</span><span class="op">*</span>i<span class="op">;{</span><span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>test<span class="op">(</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">))</span> <span class="op">*</span>i <span class="op">+=</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">;}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>c<span class="op">(</span>i<span class="op">)</span><span class="dt">int</span><span class="op">*</span>i<span class="op">;{</span><span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>test<span class="op">(</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">))</span> <span class="op">*</span>i <span class="op">+=</span> <span class="dv">4</span><span class="op">;}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>d<span class="op">(</span>i<span class="op">)</span><span class="dt">int</span><span class="op">*</span>i<span class="op">;{</span><span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>test<span class="op">(</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">,</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">))</span> <span class="op">*</span>i <span class="op">+=</span> <span class="dv">8</span><span class="op">;}</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>test<span class="op">(</span>x<span class="op">,</span>y<span class="op">){</span><span class="cf">return</span> x<span class="op">;}</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
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<p>If you enter the above program on punch cards, throw them
|
||
up in the air, gather them up, and run it, you will get
|
||
a number from 0 to 15 printed out. Now <em>that’s</em> a random
|
||
number generator…</p>
|
||
<p>Of course, there are drawbacks to C programming on punch
|
||
cards; an 80-character line limit can be restricting, and
|
||
(to be maximally portable) you need to use trigraphs for
|
||
the characters <code>^[]{}\</code> (these aren’t found on every
|
||
keypunch, and have various encodings).</p>
|
||
<p>My C program entry does the following:</p>
|
||
<ol type="1">
|
||
<li><p>Reads in lines.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Rearranges the lines, or not.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>if it rearranges the lines, they are sorted or scrambled.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><p>Reverses the order of the lines, or not.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Prints out the lines as either text or
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> punch cards.</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>The code, as written, scrambles the input and prints it out
|
||
as normal text, so you can simulate ‘dropping’ the cards.
|
||
You can repeatedly scramble the code to get all 12 variants
|
||
(but the scrambling isn’t very random; it’s just a bubble
|
||
sort with a random number, so some variants are more common
|
||
than others). You can also just swap the arguments in the
|
||
calls to <code>t()</code> in all combinations to get all the variations.</p>
|
||
<p>If you sort the lines, you will get the version that just
|
||
prints out the input as punch cards (you will need to display
|
||
at least 82 columns of text, or clip the last few chars by
|
||
piping it through <code>sed s/...$//</code>). If you use this on the
|
||
original code, you will see that it spells out <code>HOLLERITH</code>
|
||
when punched on cards (you can see the tall, thin letters
|
||
spelling out <code>HOLLERITH</code> if you turn the C code sideways).
|
||
You will also see why <code>/KC 0000 K</code> is a <code>Hollerith emoticon</code>.
|
||
Unrecognized characters are punched as a lace column.
|
||
(You can see an ASCII simulation of the code as punch cards
|
||
by looking at <code>card.gif</code>.)</p>
|
||
<p>For a nice test pattern, try</p>
|
||
<pre><code>&-0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR/STUVWXYZ:#@'=".<(+|!$*);,%_>?abcmnoxyz^[]{}\</code></pre>
|
||
<p>If you want to analyze the program, sorting the lines while
|
||
ignoring leading blanks works best (<code>sort -b</code>). This will
|
||
produce the version that just reverses the line order, and
|
||
the routines in the code are in a sensible order.</p>
|
||
<p>This program should work on EBCDIC computers. It assumes
|
||
that the <code>time_t</code> ptr param to <code>time(3)</code> will work with an <code>int</code>
|
||
ptr, and that “passing through” a <code>char[][]</code> array as a simple
|
||
<code>char *</code> is OK. Your compiler MUST understand trigraphs, or it
|
||
will miss the trigraph backslash before the double quote in
|
||
the <code>K</code> string and complain about a malformed string; for GNU
|
||
C, use <code>-ansi</code> or <code>-trigraphs</code>. Entering a line of more than 80
|
||
characters, or more than 81 lines, will jam the card reader.</p>
|
||
<p>I’ve used the <code>a[b]</code> ==> <code>*(a+b)</code> trick, because this is
|
||
actually shorter than the trigraph version of <code>a??(b??)</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>With 28 lines of code (not counting the blank lines or the
|
||
comment), there are technically <code>28!</code> different programs, or
|
||
<code>304,888,344,611,713,860,501,504,000,000</code> different versions,
|
||
all legal C.</p>
|
||
<pre><code>* except in Florida voting machines
|
||
|
||
** all cards must be face down, nine-edge first, of course.</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="copyright-and-cc-by-sa-4.0-license">Copyright and CC BY-SA 4.0 License:</h2>
|
||
<p>This file is Copyright (c) 2023 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)</code></pre>
|
||
<p>For more information, see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</p>
|
||
|
||
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|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-2001westley"><a name="inventory"></a>Inventory for 2001/westley</h1>
|
||
<p><a href="#top">Jump to top</a></p>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/westley.c">westley.c</a> - entry source</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/westley.alt.c">westley.alt.c</a> - alternative source</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/westley.orig.c">westley.orig.c</a> - original source</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/try.sh">try.sh</a> - how to run</li>
|
||
<li><a href="2001_westley.tar.bz2">2001_westley.tar.bz2</a> - download entry source</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - entry home page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for index.html</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - description of entry in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/temp-test-ioccc/blob/master/2001/westley/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href=".path">.path</a> - directory path from top directory</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
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</div>
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</div>
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||
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|
||
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<h2>Coda</h2>
|
||
<p><a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fioccc-src.github.io%2Ftemp-test-ioccc%2F2001%2Fwestley%2Findex.html">Nu HTML check this web page</a></p>
|
||
<p><a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
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</body>
|
||
</html>
|
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