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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>sorta.README.md for 1991/brnstnd</h2>
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<p>The <code>sorta</code> scripts described below can sorta be found in this directory.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.i22"><a href="sorta.i2+2">sorta.i2+2</a></h1>
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<pre><code>2 2+#` [ about as basic as you can get ]ld</code></pre>
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<p>This script takes 2, adds 2 to it, and prints the result (with a
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newline). I get 5 on the hand-held Sinclair under ZYNIX. Let me know if
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your machine produces a different result so that I can send you patches.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.iarg0"><a href="sorta.iarg0">sorta.iarg0</a></h1>
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<pre><code>0A` [ take arg 0, print it ]</code></pre>
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<p>This is self-explanatory.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.icalc"><a href="sorta.icalc">sorta.icalc</a></h1>
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<pre><code>[D2sD3s]:Dld [ input m n, output m n m n ]ld
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[2*1=d]:cld [ aux routine for :d recursion ]ld
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[1=D1s>1Ds_+=c]:dld [ input m n, as long as n <= m double it, output m n ]ld
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[D2s1s_+1s]:-ld [ input m n, output m-n n ]ld
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[1=D1s>1Ds_+#T=-2/D=1]:1ld [ aux routine for :@ ]ld
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[1D=d2/1=1ddd1 ]:!ld
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["0"Td]:0ld
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[DD=!1_+=0]:@ld [ input m, m assumed nonnegative, append
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binary representation of m to top of s stack ]ld
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["-"T_]:+ld
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[D0 1s>=+1=@]:2ld [ input m, append - to top of s stack if m is negative,
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then append binary representation of abs(m) to
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top of s stack ]ld
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[d1A:A2=A]:A 27182 a1>=A
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[d2A:A1=A]:A 3145 a2>=A
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D # " in binary is "T 1=2 `ld
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1=Dd # " in binary is "T 1=2 `ld
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1=D 1s# " + "T 1s#T " is "T + #Td `ld
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1=D 1s# " - "T 1s#T " is "T _+ #Td `ld
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1=D 1s# " * "T 1s#T " is "T * #Td `ld
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1=D 1s# " / "T 1s#T " is "T / #Td `ld
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1=D 1s# " % "T 1s#T " is "T 1=D/*_+ #Td `ld
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1=D d "~ " #T " is "T D& #T$ld " (" 1=2 ")"T `ld
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1=D 1s# " & "T 1s#T " is "T &D& #T$ld " (" 1=2 ")"T `ld
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1=D 1s# " | "T 1s#T " is "T D&1sD&& #T$ld " (" 1=2 ")"T `ld
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1=D 1s# " ^ "T 1s#T " is "T 1=D&2sD&1sD&&&D& #T$ld " (" 1=2 ")"T `ld</code></pre>
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<p><code>icalc</code> shows off <code>SORTA</code>’s understanding of integer arithmetic. You can run
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it with up to two arguments; the arguments have default values of 27182
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and 3145. Notice that <code>SORTA</code> doesn’t have a language primitive for
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converting a string to a number, yet <code>icalc</code> is performing arithmetic on
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its arguments. Can you see how? (Hint: Try <code>./sorta "2 2+" 3 < sorta.icalc</code>.
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Look at program A.) <code>icalc</code> also provides a useful binary output routine,
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and if you can’t remember offhand that <code>D2sD3s&2sD&1sD&&&D&</code> means XOR,
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you can just look it up here.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.idup"><a href="sorta.idup">sorta.idup</a></h1>
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<pre><code>[ld#1_+1=y]:x
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[uD1+=x]:y
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0""1=y`</code></pre>
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<p>This script prints out the maximum file descriptor available from
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repeated <code>dup(2)</code>s—usually <code>NOFILE - 1</code>. Can you see how it works?</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.iecho"><a href="sorta.iecho">sorta.iecho</a></h1>
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<pre><code>[" "$ld]:sld [ print a space ]ld
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[1s1+DA$ld1s1_+D=sD=x]:xld [ given n (argc-n), print args ]ld
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0a1_+D=x""` [ simulation of /bin/echo ]ld</code></pre>
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<p>This is a clone of <code>/bin/echo</code>, minus any argument processing and escape
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interpretation. (Note that, unlike some shells’ echo, <code>/bin/echo</code> prints a
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newline even with no arguments.) Try <code>./sorta foo bar < iecho</code>.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.ifact1"><a href="sorta.ifact1">sorta.ifact1</a></h1>
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<pre><code>1#`ld2*#`ld3*#`ld4*#`ld5*#`ld6*#`ld7*#`ld8*#`ld9*#`ld10*#`ld</code></pre>
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<p>This is a very straightforward factorial program: Take 1, print it,
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multiply by 2, print it, multiply by 3, print it, etc.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.ifact2"><a href="sorta.ifact2">sorta.ifact2</a></h1>
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<pre><code>[1+D2s*#`ld1s]:f
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1 0
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1=f 1=f 1=f 1=f 1=f 1=f 1=f 1=f 1=f 1=f</code></pre>
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<p><code>ifact1</code> does a lot of repeated work. <code>ifact2</code> takes advantage of this by
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keeping the current <code>n!</code> <code>n</code> on the stack. Each call to routine <code>f (1=f)</code>
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increments <code>n</code> by <code>1</code> and prints out the factorial.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.ifact3"><a href="sorta.ifact3">sorta.ifact3</a></h1>
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<pre><code>[1+D2s*#`ld1s]:f [ given (n-1)! (n-1), print n!, put n! n ]
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[2s1=f2s1_+D0>=x]:x [ given n n! x, print (n+1)! through (n+x)! ]
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0 1 10 1=x</code></pre>
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<p>Finally, <code>ifact3</code> removes all the redundancy from <code>ifact2</code>, and exhibits
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proper documentation of stack routines. You can replace the <code>10</code> by
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anything in this version.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.iio"><a href="sorta.iio">sorta.iio</a></h1>
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<pre><code> [ a simple example of interpreting code on the fly ]ld
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["] "2 2+":xT ["]T " produces "T 1=x#T " which should be 4."T`</code></pre>
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<p>Notice that <code>"2 2+"</code> is a literal string inside the program.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.irot13"><a href="sorta.irot13">sorta.irot13</a></h1>
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<pre><code>"[] [.tr] "
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["]".[a-m][n-z][A-M][N-Z]"[" ]TTT ["]".[n-z][a-m][N-Z][A-M]"[" ]TTT
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"[tr] !q"T:xld
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["rot13: fatal: need exactly one argument"`q]:gld
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["rot13: fatal: cannot open "1ST`q]:hld
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a2_+=g
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1A 0 [ that 0 is for RDONLY ]ld
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0 'o D0 1s>=hld
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0Ou1=x [ in a more complex spawner, this would be done under a fork ]ld</code></pre>
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<p>Despite its name, <code>irot13</code> is meant to show how to exec a program with
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redirection from within <code>sorta</code>. You run it as <code>./sorta blah < irot13</code>; it
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opens <code>blah</code> and runs a (BSD-style) <code>tr</code> command to rotate all letters by 13
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spots. <code>1A 0 0 o</code> opens <code>argv[1]</code>; the <code>'</code> keeps the filename around for
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subroutine <code>h</code> to print a nice error message if necessary. <code>0Ou</code> closes
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stdout and replaces it with the new descriptor. Finally, subroutine <code>x</code>
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executes the <code>tr</code>.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.isleep"><a href="sorta.isleep">sorta.isleep</a></h1>
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<pre><code>["" "+sleep" "+5" "sleep" !q]:S [F0>1_+=S]:s
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"forking sleep 5..."`ld
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1=s
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"waiting for sleep to finish..."`ld
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w
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"done, sleep exit code " #T`</code></pre>
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<p>This script illustrates the classic fork-exec-wait.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.itailrec"><a href="sorta.itailrec">sorta.itailrec</a></h1>
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<pre><code>[3*#" "T$ldD=f]:f
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1=f</code></pre>
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<p>The sole purpose of this script is to prove that <code>sorta</code> can do infinite
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tail recursion (in this case, in program <code>f</code>). Do <code>./sorta < itailrec | more</code>
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and watch the powers of 3 (mod your computer’s word size) flow by.</p>
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<h1 id="sorta.iwhosort"><a href="sorta.iwhosort">sorta.iwhosort</a></h1>
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<pre><code>[0Ou "" "+-u" "sort" !q]:S [F0>1_+=S]:s
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[1Ou "" "+-u" "who" !q]:W [F0>1_+=W]:w
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P1=wO1=sOww</code></pre>
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<p>This final example is a simple pipeline, <code>who | sort</code>.</p>
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You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
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<h2>Copyright and CC BY-SA 4.0 License</h2>
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<p>This file and web page is:</p>
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<blockquote><p><b>Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.</b></p></blockquote>
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<p>You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:</p>
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<blockquote><b>Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)</b></blockquote>
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<p>For more information, see:</p>
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href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a></blockquote>
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<h2>Coda</h2>
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<p><a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=#">Nu HTML check this web page</a></p>
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