Format/typo check 2006/toledo2
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@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ For more detailed information see [2006 toledo2 in bugs.md](/bugs.md#2006-toledo
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To end execution press `ctrl-z`. As mentioned in the author's remarks and in the
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below section, it is supposed to crash on termination though some noted this
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does not seem to happen in macOS. He asks ironically: 'if it's supposed to crash
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and it does not crash is it actually a bug or is it a feature? :-)'
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does not seem to happen in macOS or linux in 2023.
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### Try:
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@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ make alt
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### Alternate use:
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The author noted that for PC/DOS you will have to add `ANSI.SYS` to your
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`CONFIG.SYS` but this is also not something we can test.
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`CONFIG.SYS` but this is also something we can't test.
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Use `toledeo2.alt` as you would `toledo2` above.
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@@ -86,11 +85,9 @@ of this size, it allows importing files from the host file
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system (one by one, so you'll have to be patient).
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Remember the good old days and play (or let your kids play)
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[Adventure](https://rickadams.org/adventure/) (in the directory `ADVENTUR`
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within the `KAYPROII.ZIP`
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file referred in the author's remarks); walking in a maze of
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twisty little passages all alike is easier than understanding
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the code!
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[Adventure](https://rickadams.org/adventure/) (in the directory `ADVENTUR`);
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walking in a maze of twisty little passages all alike is easier than
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understanding the code!
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## Author's remarks:
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@@ -101,7 +98,7 @@ and a disk controller, just like at the start of the personal computers
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revolution (circa 1975).
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It needs an initial memory image to do something usable, so along with it you
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will find two files ([C.BASIC](C.BASIC) and [C.BIOS](C.BIOS)). Rename
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will find two files: ([C.BASIC](C.BASIC) and [C.BIOS](C.BIOS)). Rename
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[C.BASIC](C.BASIC) to `C` (NOTE from the judges: running `make` will do this for
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you), run the emulator, and et voila! you have the public domain Palo Alto [Tiny
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BASIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_BASIC) (by Li-Chen Wang), published in
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@@ -136,21 +133,17 @@ All good programmers started learning
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[BASIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC), now, what about a
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[CP/M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M) emulator?
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Download the following file (not included because of possible
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copyright and blah, blah):
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> <http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/os/KAYPROII.ZIP>
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Extract `CPM64.COM` from the `SOURCE` directory, and copy it to
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files named `A` and `B` (these will be the disk drives). Now rename
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the provided [C.BIOS](C.BIOS) to `C` and run the emulator.
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Copy `CPM64.COM` from the `SOURCE` directory to files named `A` and `B` (these
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will be the disk drives). Now rename the provided [C.BIOS](C.BIOS) to `C` and
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run the emulator.
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Now you have a running [CP/M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M) system!, with
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two files on A: drive, `HALT.COM` to stop the emulator (so it closes drives) and
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`IMPORT.COM` to introduce new files.
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To get a complete [CP/M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M) system, you will need the following files
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from the `KAYPROII.ZIP` (in the `SOURCE` directory):
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from the `SOURCE` directory:
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ASM.COM DDT.COM DUMP.COM ED.COM LOAD.COM
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PIP.COM STAT.COM SUBMIT.COM XSUB.COM
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@@ -181,25 +174,29 @@ from <http://www.retroarchive.org>:
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Some programs require installation to configure the terminal,
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locate ANSI or VT-100.
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### What is an 8080?
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It is simply the little brother of the
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[Z80](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80); it has no extended
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registers (`AF'`, `BC'`, `DE'`, `HL'`, `IX` or `IY`), no relative jumps,
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and every instruction beginning with `CB`, `DD`, `ED` or `FD` doesn't
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exist.
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and no instruction beginning with `CB`, `DD`, `ED` or `FD` exists.
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The flags are only `S` (Sign, bit 7), `Z` (Zero, bit 6), `P` (Parity,
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bit 2) and `C` (Carry, bit 0).
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### Porting it
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It is easy if your platform has getch/kbhit and
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It is easy if your platform has `getch()`/`kbhit()` and
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ANSI terminal:
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read --> Z=kbhit()?getch():0
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write --> putchar(7[o])
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system --> nothing
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```
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read --> Z=kbhit()?getch():0
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write --> putchar(7[o])
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system --> nothing
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```
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Notice that you'll have to do `#include <conio.h>` as well.
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@@ -221,44 +218,47 @@ it was not required.
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### How it works (SPOILER)
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The `l` array contains the 64K memory; it is initialized with a
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boot image loaded from the `C` file. The program counter is the
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`c` pointer and registers are in `o[]`. The main loop reads every
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opcode and separates them in one of three common forms. A lot
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of ternary operators selects the instruction.
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The `l` array contains the 64K memory; it is initialized with a boot image
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loaded from the `C` file. The [program
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counter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_counter) is the `c` pointer and
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[registers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register) are in `o[]`. The
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main loop reads every [opcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode) and
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separates them in one of three common forms. A lot of ternary operators selects
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the instruction.
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```
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o[0] = B register o[1] = C register
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o[2] = D register o[3] = E register
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o[4] = H register o[5] = L register
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o[6] = Flags o[7] = A or accumulator
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o[0] = B register o[1] = C register
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o[2] = D register o[3] = E register
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o[4] = H register o[5] = L register
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o[6] = Flags o[7] = A or accumulator
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```
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The following instructions do peripheral operation:
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```
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76 Quits emulator
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DB 00 Reads key pressed status
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DB 01 Reads key
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DB 02 Reads byte from file (Carry=EOF)
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D3 xx Writes byte from acc. to console
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ED ED 02 Reads sector
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ED ED 03 Writes sector
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76 Quits emulator
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DB 00 Reads key pressed status
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DB 01 Reads key
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DB 02 Reads byte from file (Carry=EOF)
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D3 xx Writes byte from acc. to console
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ED ED 02 Reads sector
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ED ED 03 Writes sector
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```
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Memory addresses:
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```
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FBFA = Low source/target direction
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FBFB - High source/target direction
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FBFC - Sector
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FBFD - Low cylinder
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FBFE - High cylinder
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FBFF - Drive.
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FBFA = Low source/target direction
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FBFB - High source/target direction
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FBFC - Sector
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FBFD - Low cylinder
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FBFE - High cylinder
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FBFF - Drive.
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```
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The BIOS is tailor made for this emulator, and helps to simplify it.
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### Other notes
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- The 8080 runs at your computer speed divided
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@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ The BIOS is tailor made for this emulator, and helps to simplify it.
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- Also I discovered that braces are very useful
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for commenting.
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- Why bother with prototypes? Every good C
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programmer can develop its C programs using
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programmer can develop their C programs using
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only one function.
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