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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
|
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<h2>2004/kopczynski - Best one liner</h2>
|
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<h3>OCR of 8 or 9 or 10 or 11</h3>
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<a class="Left" href="../jdalbec/index.html">← 2004/jdalbec</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski.c">C code</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski.orig.c">Original C</a>
|
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<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2004%2Fkopczynski%2Findex.html">✓</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
|
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<ul>
|
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Eryk_Kopczynski">Eryk Kopczynski</a><br>
|
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#PL">PL</a> - <em>Republic of Poland</em> (<em>Poland</em>)</li>
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<!-- BEFORE: 1st line of markdown file: 2004/kopczynski/README.md -->
|
||
<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> make</code></pre>
|
||
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: We <strong>FORCE</strong> the use of <code>-O0</code> even if someone overrides it because this entry
|
||
will not work with it enabled.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="to-use">To use:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> ./kopczynski < input_file</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
|
||
<pre><code> ./try.sh</code></pre>
|
||
<p>What happens if you feed the program source to the program? Can you figure out
|
||
why?</p>
|
||
<h2 id="alternate-code">Alternate code:</h2>
|
||
<p>The judges modified the program to print its result. The original
|
||
program returned the result as an exit code which is what the alternate version
|
||
does.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-build">Alternate build:</h3>
|
||
<pre><code> make alt</code></pre>
|
||
<h3 id="alternate-try">Alternate try:</h3>
|
||
<pre><code> ./kopczynski.alt < kopczynski-10
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||
echo $?</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>What is in a line? A lot when you obfuscate the way Eryk Kopczynski
|
||
did it. This small one line program is an outstanding technical
|
||
work of art as well as one of the better one-liner programs that
|
||
we have seen in years!</p>
|
||
<p>Compile and run without arguments. As input, give it an ASCII graphics
|
||
figure 8, 9, 10, or 11 made of pound signs and spaces, of any size,
|
||
shape, or orientation (that’s right, an upside down 9 is still 9 :-) ).
|
||
There is one restriction: the only line not containing <code>#</code> characters
|
||
must be the last.</p>
|
||
<p>The program will print what it thinks you’ve entered. If you enter
|
||
anything that does not resemble 8, 9, 10, or 11, the result is
|
||
seemingly arbitrary. Actually it is not pseudo-random; can you find
|
||
a pattern when it does not resemble 8, 9, 10 or 11?</p>
|
||
<p>Here is a related puzzle: how to continue the sequence:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p><code>1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, ...</code></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>With certain arguments, you can alter the exit value / output. Can you figure
|
||
out how and why?</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>The program proves it is not as hard to recognize numbers. The current
|
||
one liner version should correctly recognize all numbers from 8 to 11.
|
||
(Unless you give it some very hard cases. For example, it cannot
|
||
recognize negatives, zeros which have dots or slashes inside them,
|
||
digits should be separated, and numbers should be “complete”.)</p>
|
||
<p>This program returns the number as its exit status. (In most shells,
|
||
you can see the exit status of the last command with <code>echo $?</code> (or
|
||
just <code>$?</code>).)</p>
|
||
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: The judges altered the primary version to output a number.</p>
|
||
<p>On the input, give numbers formed as a sequences of empty spaces and <code>#</code>
|
||
signs (you can also use dots instead of spaces), ending with an empty
|
||
line. (No number has an empty line in it.) The program should return
|
||
the number from 8 to 11 that it thinks it is.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>The line is 131 bytes long (in 1986, 165 bytes was OK, and the size
|
||
limit has grown from 1986…).</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>I have decided that it is better for this program to return the
|
||
number, not to print it, but if you think otherwise, the change would
|
||
cost 6 chars (plus a warning). Change <code>return *</code> to <code>printf("%d",*)</code>.
|
||
(<code>$?</code> is shorter)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>I achieved some additional tightness by <code>-Dif=while</code> which saved 9 chars of
|
||
source for the cost of 11 chars of the <a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/Makefile">Makefile</a>. If I used
|
||
<code>-DB=while</code>, I would save 12 for 10, but I think the current version is slightly
|
||
more obfuscated.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="portability">Portability</h3>
|
||
<p>It only requires two’s complement arithmetics, as far as I know. The maximum
|
||
length of an input line is <code>N-9</code>, where <code>N</code> is the size of <code>int</code> in bits
|
||
(you can try to compile with an option <code>'-Dint=long long'</code> for longer
|
||
lines).</p>
|
||
<h3 id="algorithm-obfuscation">Algorithm & Obfuscation</h3>
|
||
<ol type="1">
|
||
<li><p>This program works by calculating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic">Euler
|
||
characteristics</a> of input,
|
||
plus 9. It is the number of digits (i.e. separated <code>#</code>-regions) minus the number
|
||
of holes in them. It turns out that this algorithm works correctly for all
|
||
numbers from 8 to 11.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>We know that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic">Euler
|
||
characteristics</a> is the number of “vertexes”</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<pre><code> #</code></pre>
|
||
<p>minus the number of “edges”</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ## # #. .#
|
||
# .# #.</code></pre>
|
||
<p>(<code>.</code> must be empty) plus the number of “faces”</p>
|
||
<pre><code> ##
|
||
##</code></pre>
|
||
<ol start="3" type="1">
|
||
<li>If we fill all these patterns to 2x2 squares,</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<pre><code> #? ## #? #. .# ##
|
||
?? ?? #? .# #. ##
|
||
+1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1</code></pre>
|
||
<p>substitute all possible “values” of <code>?</code> and sum them up, we get that it is
|
||
enough to calculate:</p>
|
||
<pre><code> #. .# ##
|
||
.. #. #.
|
||
+1 -1 -1</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Note now it is simple and obfuscated enough to be used as
|
||
a “magic trick”.</p>
|
||
<ol start="4" type="1">
|
||
<li><p>I make a 16-character array; when indexed by 4-bit value which
|
||
represents the 2x2 squares, it will return a number to add/subtract
|
||
<code>{-1,0,+1}</code>.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>We convert lines of input to bitmaps (<code>N-bit</code> integers). Additionally, it is
|
||
heavily obfuscated by using negative numbers (two’s complement). For example,
|
||
it turns out that <code>6</code> in <code>z=6</code> is the only 1-digit number which works here (and
|
||
it’s not only because we have <code>z>5</code> in the following <code>while</code>). The conversion
|
||
routine also sets <code>n=8</code> in an obfuscated and concise way.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Since we always return the number from 8 to 11, we can calculate modulo 4.
|
||
Instead of <code>16 {-1,0,+1}</code> values, we use a 15-character string which agrees
|
||
modulo 4 to the array in (<code>4</code>). (<code>'\0'</code> fits very well as the 16th character, so
|
||
we use 15-character string.)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Since the rule found in (3) did not produce any funny messages, I changed it
|
||
until it did. (The <code>#</code> character to find vertexes is in the top right corner,
|
||
not the top left one.) The following messages will also work instead of <code>has dirtiest IF</code>:</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<pre><code> HighlandYachter
|
||
TestDirtiestTen
|
||
has lintiest IF
|
||
TighterLaughter
|
||
HustlerDaughter
|
||
TighterDemoThen</code></pre>
|
||
<p>They can be mixed, of course!</p>
|
||
<ol start="8" type="1">
|
||
<li><p>The variable names are confusing.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Finally, the program tries to be as concise as possible. Some obfuscation
|
||
comes from this. For additional obfuscation and conciseness, <code>if</code> means <code>while</code>.</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
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|
||
|
||
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||
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|
||
|
||
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|
||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-2004kopczynski">Inventory for 2004/kopczynski</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski.c">kopczynski.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski.alt.c">kopczynski.alt.c</a> - alternate source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski.orig.c">kopczynski.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-10">kopczynski-10</a> - ASCII file with number 10 drawn to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-10-rev">kopczynski-10-rev</a> - ASCII file with number 10 drawn reversed to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-11">kopczynski-11</a> - ASCII file with number 11 drawn to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-11-rev">kopczynski-11-rev</a> - ASCII file with number 11 drawn reversed to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-8a">kopczynski-8a</a> - ASCII file with number 8 drawn to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-8a-rev">kopczynski-8a-rev</a> - ASCII file with number 8 drawn reversed to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-8b">kopczynski-8b</a> - ASCII file with number 8 drawn to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-8b-rev">kopczynski-8b-rev</a> - ASCII file with number 8 drawn reversed to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-8c">kopczynski-8c</a> - ASCII file with number 8 drawn to to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-8c-rev">kopczynski-8c-rev</a> - ASCII file with number 8 drawn reversed to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-9">kopczynski-9</a> - ASCII file with number 9 drawn to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-9-rev">kopczynski-9-rev</a> - ASCII file with number 9 drawn reversed to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-a">kopczynski-a</a> - ASCII file with letter A drawn to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/kopczynski-a-rev">kopczynski-a-rev</a> - ASCII file with letter A reversed to to recognize</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/try.sh">try.sh</a> - script to try entry</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="2004_kopczynski.tar.bz2">2004_kopczynski.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/2004/kopczynski/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
|
||
</h4>
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|
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|
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<!--
|
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|
||
Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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For more information, see:
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|
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<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2025 by Landon Curt Noll:
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<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
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rel="license noopener noreferrer"
|
||
style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
|
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/cc.png"
|
||
alt="cc inside circle symbol">
|
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
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src="../../png/by.png"
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|
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<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
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src="../../png/sa.png"
|
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alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
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<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
|
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target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
||
<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
||
of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F2004%2Fkopczynski%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
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<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
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