Created `quick-start.md` to hold the FAQ 0.0 content. Used `sgit(1)` to change: * faq.html#enter ==> quick-start.html#enter * faq.html#enter_questions ==> quick-start.html#enter_questions * faq.html#step_0 ==> quick-start.html#step_0 * faq.html#step_1 ==> quick-start.html#step_1 * faq.html#step_2 ==> quick-start.html#step_2 * faq.html#register ==> quick-start.html#register * faq.html#step_3 ==> quick-start.html#step_3 * faq.html#step_4 ==> quick-start.html#step_4 * faq.html#step_5 ==> quick-start.html#step_5 * faq.html#step_6 ==> quick-start.html#step_6 * faq.html#step_7 ==> quick-start.html#step_7 * faq.html#step_submit ==> quick-start.html#step_submit Via: ```sh sgit -e 's/faq\.html#enter/quick-start.html#enter/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#enter_questions/quick-start.html#enter_questions/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_0/quick-start.html#step_0/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_1/quick-start.html#step_1/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_2/quick-start.html#step_2/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#register/quick-start.html#register/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_3/quick-start.html#step_3/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_4/quick-start.html#step_4/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_5/quick-start.html#step_5/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_6/quick-start.html#step_6/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_7/quick-start.html#step_7/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' sgit -e 's/faq\.html#step_submit/quick-start.html#step_submit/g' '*.md' '*.hdr' 'inc/*.html' ``` The former FAQ 0.0 section in `faq.html` now just refers to `quick-start.html`. Modified menu and non-JS menu so that "Enter the IOCCC" refers to `quick-start.html`. Changed `bin/gen-top-html.sh` VERSION from "1.4.10 2024-11-23" to "1.4.11 2025-01-09". Performed `make www` on macOS to complete the above.
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width=300
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height=110>
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</a>
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<h1>The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</h1>
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<h2>1989/paul - Most complex algorithm</h2>
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<h3>print fibonacci base 2 by simulating turing machine</h3>
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</div>
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<a class="Left" href="../ovdluhe/index.html">← 1989/ovdluhe</a>
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<a class="Right" href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1989%2Fpaul%2Findex.html">✓</a>
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<h2 id="author">Author:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Name: <a href="../../authors.html#Paul_E_Black">Paul E. Black</a><br>
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Location: <a href="../../location.html#US">US</a> - <em>United States of America</em> (<em>United States</em>)</li>
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<h2 id="to-build">To build:</h2>
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<pre><code> make all</code></pre>
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<p>There is an alternate version with a trace routine that the author had commented
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out. See <a href="#alternate-code">alternate code</a> below for more details.</p>
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<h2 id="try">Try:</h2>
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<pre><code> ./paul</code></pre>
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<h2 id="alternate-code">Alternate code:</h2>
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<p>This version was described by the author like:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>I could have squeezed the program under 1024 bytes without the trace
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subroutine, but I felt it was important for understanding the program. Besides
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it is fun to watch the tape zooming back and forth as the program runs. A much
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better debugger or trace could easily be added.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h3 id="alternate-build">Alternate build:</h3>
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<pre><code> make alt</code></pre>
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<h3 id="alternate-use">Alternate use:</h3>
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<pre><code> ./paul.alt</code></pre>
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<h2 id="judges-remarks">Judges’ remarks:</h2>
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<p>The author’s comments are a detailed program explanation, if you wish to learn
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more about the obfuscation method used.</p>
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<h3 id="historical-note">Historical note:</h3>
|
||
<p>The original source contained a long line which caused many mailers to barf.
|
||
The original file may be re-constructed by removing the trailing <code>\</code> on line 12
|
||
and joining lines 12 and 13 together without a space.</p>
|
||
<p>However as this is no longer a problem the trailing <code>\</code> has been restored in all
|
||
versions, both the original and the fixed for modern systems version.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="notice-to-those-who-wish-for-a-greater-challenge">NOTICE to those who wish for a greater challenge:</h3>
|
||
<p><strong>If you want a greater challenge, don’t read any further</strong>:
|
||
just try to understand the program via the source.</p>
|
||
<p>If you get stuck, come back and read below for additional hints and information.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="authors-remarks">Author’s remarks:</h2>
|
||
<p>This programs computes and prints Fibonacci numbers by
|
||
simulating a Turing machine with the proper program.
|
||
Understanding the C program, i.e., a Turing machine simulator,
|
||
is only the first and simplest step. The Turing machine
|
||
program must be understood, too! (it is trivial, perhaps even
|
||
natural to write incredibly obscure Turing programs.)</p>
|
||
<p>If the program is invoked with an operand, the operand is used
|
||
as the Turing program. It includes a “trace” facility,
|
||
subroutine <code>r</code> (commented out for obscurity), to help write and
|
||
debug Turing programs. Just the thing for some fun in a Theory
|
||
of Computation class.</p>
|
||
<p>The Turing machine tape is represented as a doubly linked list
|
||
of pointers. The forward and backward links are <code>XOR</code>ed together
|
||
and stored in one pointer. If we always keep one of the links
|
||
on hand, we can recover the other link at any time. The
|
||
variable <code>q</code> is the scan head (and a pointer at some tape cell),
|
||
and <code>p</code> is a “previous” link. The state of the tape is stored in
|
||
the low order bit of the pointer. Since we always allocate an
|
||
even number of bytes, the low order bit carries no information
|
||
(see <a href="#portability">portability</a> below.) Memory representing a tape cell is
|
||
allocated when the cell is first scanned. Thus the simulation
|
||
begins with a tape effectively the size of virtual memory set
|
||
to all zeros. Since a header can be added to any Turing
|
||
program to write initial data and position the scan head, this
|
||
is little loss of generality.</p>
|
||
<p>The simulated Turing machine has a single tape with either a <code>1</code>
|
||
or a <code>0</code> in each cell. The Turing machine language format is a
|
||
string of three bytes. The first byte is the current state.
|
||
The second byte is the next state. (The last bit of states is
|
||
ignored, i.e., <code>B</code> and <code>C</code> are the same state, in an attempt to be
|
||
able to have interesting words in the program.) The third byte
|
||
is composed of bits. Bit <code>1</code> (<code>2&byte</code>) is the symbol scanned,
|
||
i.e. an instruction is selected for state and for a match with
|
||
the symbol under the scan head. Bit <code>2</code> (<code>4&byte</code>) is the new
|
||
symbol to be written to the cell. Bit <code>3</code> (<code>8&byte</code>) is the
|
||
direction to move the scan head: <code>0</code> for left and <code>1</code> for right.
|
||
If bit <code>4</code> (<code>16&byte</code>) is true, the next character is sent to
|
||
<code>stdout</code>. (I added this feature so programs could print
|
||
results.)</p>
|
||
<p>The Turing machine has next state <code>j</code> when it begins. The
|
||
cycle is (1) exit if the state is <code>x</code>, (2) find the next
|
||
instruction (given the state and the character under the scan
|
||
head). (The program string is searched forward for the next
|
||
matching instruction. If the end of the string is reached, the
|
||
search begins again at the first of the string. Thus states
|
||
can be used as local labels in different places.) (3) change to
|
||
the next state, (4) print a character if indicated, (5) write the
|
||
tape symbol, and (6) move the scan head. The cycle then repeats
|
||
with step 1. A call to the trace routine is just before step
|
||
2, but is commented out.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="quick-outline-of-the-turing-program">Quick outline of the Turing program:</h3>
|
||
<p>The previous and current Fibonacci numbers are kept in base
|
||
1 form with the current on the right. The first three
|
||
steps set up the first two numbers, <code>1</code> and <code>1</code>. Then,
|
||
beginning with ‘<code>@ (</code>’, a marker of ‘<code>III</code>’ is created and
|
||
the current number is copied to the right of the
|
||
marker. Then, beginning with ‘<code>OV</code>’, the number is
|
||
converted to binary by repeatedly dividing by 2 leaving I
|
||
for remainder <code>1</code>, and II for remainder ‘<code>0</code>’. Next,
|
||
beginning with ‘<code>WV</code>’, the binary representation is
|
||
printed and its symbols and the marker are erased.
|
||
Finally, beginning with ‘<code>EEn</code>’, the two numbers are
|
||
added and the current number copied to the left to
|
||
become the previous. Then the cycle repeats.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="portability">Portability</h3>
|
||
<p>The program requires that the lowest bit of a pointer to be 0.</p>
|
||
<p>I could have squeezed the program under 1024 bytes without the
|
||
trace subroutine, but I felt it was important for understanding
|
||
the program. Besides it is fun to watch the tape zooming back
|
||
and forth as the program runs. A much better debugger or trace
|
||
could easily be added.</p>
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
<!-- AFTER: last line of markdown file: 1989/paul/README.md -->
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content generated by: bin/output-index-inventory.sh -->
|
||
|
||
<div id="inventory">
|
||
<h1 id="inventory-for-1989paul">Inventory for 1989/paul</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2 id="primary-files">Primary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1989/paul/paul.c">paul.c</a> - entry source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1989/paul/Makefile">Makefile</a> - entry Makefile</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1989/paul/paul.alt.c">paul.alt.c</a> - alternate source code</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1989/paul/paul.orig.c">paul.orig.c</a> - original source code</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="secondary-files">Secondary files</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="1989_paul.tar.bz2">1989_paul.tar.bz2</a> - download entry tarball</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1989/paul/README.md">README.md</a> - markdown source for this web page</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1989/paul/.entry.json">.entry.json</a> - entry summary and manifest in JSON</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1989/paul/.gitignore">.gitignore</a> - list of files that should not be committed under git</li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/ioccc-src/winner/blob/master/1989/paul/.path">.path</a> - directory path from top level directory</li>
|
||
<li><a href="index.html">index.html</a> - this web page</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<hr style="width:10%;text-align:left;margin-left:0">
|
||
<h4>
|
||
Jump to: <a href="#">top</a>
|
||
</h4>
|
||
|
||
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||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- END: this line ends content from: inc/after-content.default.html -->
|
||
<!-- START: this line starts content from: inc/footer.inventory.html -->
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
|
||
Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll. All Rights Reserved.
|
||
|
||
You are free to share and adapt this file under the terms of this license:
|
||
|
||
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||
|
||
For more information, see:
|
||
|
||
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
|
||
<div id="copyright"><h3>Copyright © 1984-2024 by Landon Curt Noll:
|
||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-does-some-rights-reserved-mean"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">Some Rights Reserved</a></h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This work is <b>licensed by Landon Curt Noll</b> under
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer"
|
||
style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></b>.
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/cc.png"
|
||
alt="cc inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/by.png"
|
||
alt="person inside circle symbol">
|
||
<img style="height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;"
|
||
src="../../png/sa.png"
|
||
alt="arrow looping back on itself inside circle symbol"><br>
|
||
You should <b>carefully review</b> the
|
||
<b><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0 LEGAL CODE</a></b>
|
||
before using the licensed material.<br>
|
||
You may wish to review the
|
||
<b><a href="../../license.html"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="license noopener noreferrer">highlights of some of the key features and terms</a></b>
|
||
of <b>CC BY-SA 4.0</b>.<br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="coda"><h3>Coda</h3>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioccc.org%2F1989%2Fpaul%2Findex.html" rel="nofollow">Nu HTML check this web page</a><br>
|
||
<a href="#top">Jump to top</a> <a href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <a href="#inventory">Jump to Inventory</a><br>
|
||
</p>
|
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>
|
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</html>
|
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